PTA 103 MIDTERM #1

INTRODUCTION & BASICS/BIOMECHANICS

100

Federal requirements for slope of
wheelchair ramp

What is 1 inch rise for 1 foot
run?

200

• Force is between the axis and

resistance.

• Mechanical advantage:

• Resistance Arm always longer than Force Arm.

What is a Third class lever?

300

 describes magnitude and direction

    -force, velocity, acceleration

        -EX: a car is moving 60 mph and heading north

What is Vector?

400

This occurs when two or more focus act on an object but push or pull in different directions; resultant force sum of the magnitudes and directions of each individual force vector

What is concurrent force?

500

The motion produced by forces

incorporates factors of time, space, and

mass

What is Kinematics?

600

1.Described as the moment arm between
the axis and the resistance (load)  

2. Described as moment arm between the axis
and the force applied 

1. What is resistance arm?

2.What is force arm?

SKELETAL SYSTEM

100

• Bone density increases in response to increased

forces imposed.

• Bone density decreases in response to decreased

forces imposed.

What is WOLFF’S LAW?

200

Less dense, porous or spongy

• Less opaque upon x-ray

• Latticework of inner portion of bone

• Trabecular systems

What is Cancellous bone?

300

slippage at the epiphyseal plate causing interruption of blood supply to the femoral head; necrosis of bone

what is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease?

400

Common condition at the

traction epiphysis of the

tibial tuberosity in

children (most commonly

boys) who are still

growing.

What is OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE?

500

Bone composition: 

1. -⅓ _______ material that provides _______

2. -⅔ _______ material that provides _______ and _______

1. organic, elasticity

2. inorganic, strength and hardness

600

The 5 types of tissues bones are made up of

what is 

• Fibrous 

• Cartilaginous

• Osseous 

• Nervous 

• Vascular?

ARTHOKINEMATICS

100

The classification of joints that are Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Gomphosis

What is Synarthrodial joints?

200

Fibrous connective tissue
Support and joining
Non-elastic (but flexible)
Allows motion & controls motion
Standard, capsular, and intracapsular

What are Ligaments?

300

the two types of Uniaxial joint:
One plane of motion about one axis
One degree of freedom

What are Hinge joints and Pivot joints?

400

An end feel from a result of internal derangement of a joint due to torn cartilage (meniscus tear)

What is a Springy block end feel?

500

A joint surface shape that has a concave-convex relationship (most joints - shoulder, knee, elbow)

what is an ovoid joint surface shape? 

600

1. A concave joint surface will glide on a fixed convex surface in the ________ direction as the end of the moving bone farthest from the joint.     

2.A convex joint surface will glide on a fixed concave surface in the ________ direction as the end of the moving bone.

1.same

2.opposite

NERVOUS SYSTEM

100

1._______ receives impulses from other parts of nervous system. Brings impulses to
cell body
2._______ transmits impulses away from cell body

1.What are Dendrites?

2. What are Axons?

200

A DTR response grade that is a slight but definitely present response; may or may not be normal

What is a 1+?

300

A pathology where the radial nerve is compressed; weakness or paralysis of wrist and finger extensor muscles

What is the Saturday night palsy?

400

A section of the nervous system where tracts are called fasciculus, peduncle, brachium, column, lemniscus

What is the CNS?

500

Clinical Differences for UMN and LMN

UMN
• Spasticity
• No significant atrophy
• No fasciculation or
fibrillations
• Hyperreflexia
• + Babinski reflex
• Clonus

LMN
• Flaccid paralysis
• Marked atrophy
• Fasciculation and
fibrillations
• Hyporeflexia
• No Babinski
• No clonus

600

a ring of arteries at the base of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and protects it from ischemia and infarction.

Failure of one arteries of these usually does
not seriously decrease blood flow to
the region

What is the circle of Willis?

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

100

This is where length change occurs in a muscle 

What are Sarcomeres?

200

A place where muscle joins tendon

what is a Musculotendinous
junction?

300

The distance from max elongation to max shortening

What is Excursion? 

400

hip flexion and knee extension can go through full ROM individually, but not simultaneously because of this... 

What is Passive insufficiency? 

500

The muscle fiber arrangement found in the Flexor pollicis longus, tibialis posterior, and Semimembranosus

What is unipennate?

600

Closing and opening of fist through passive insufficiency in patients who do not have functional ability.

What is Tenodesis?

HIP JOINT

100

The femoral head sits in this structure of the pelvis 

what is an ACETABULUM? 

200

The normal range of motions for all movements at the hip

What is...

FLEXION
 0-120°
 EXTENSION
 0-15 TO 30°
 ABDUCTION
 0-45°
 ADDUCTION
 0-30°
 INTERNAL ROTATION
 0-45°
 EXTERNAL ROTATION
 0-45°

300

THE FEMORAL HEAD ROLLS ANTERIORLY
AND GLIDES POSTERIORLY DURING THIS MOVMENT

What is MEDIAL ROTATION?

400

The way you would position the leg to achieve an open pack position of the hip  

what is 30 DEGREES FLEXION, 30 DEGREES ABDUCTION, SLIGHT
LATERAL ROTATION?

500

A special place of the hip that contains the

 FEMORAL ARTERY, VEIN, AND NERVE

What is the FEMORAL
TRIANGLE?

600

AT THE FEMORAL HEAD:

1. AN ANGLE OF INCLINATION
GREATER THAN 125 DEGREES 

2. AN ANGLE OF INCLINATION LESS
THAN 125 DEGREES

BETWEEN SHAFT AND NECK OF FEMUR IN
THE TRANSVERSE PLANE:

3.ANGLE OF TORSION GREATER THAN 15º 

4.ANGLE OF TORSION LESS THAN 15º
 

WHAT IS...

1. Coxa valga

2. Coxa vara

3. Anteversion

4. Retroversion 

KNEE JOINT

100

The movements and normal range of motions of the knee joint

What is...

• Flexion = 0-135°
• Extension = 0

200

This structure in the knee

Provides medial stability in the
frontal plane 

Tightens during extension, slack
during flexion 

Fibers of the medial meniscus

attached to this ligament

What is the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)?

300

Femoral medial condyle is 1/2 inch longer than femoral lateral condyle

• During extension, articular surface of lateral condyle runs out of room to roll/glide with remaining room at medial condyle

• Medial condyle must continue to slide posteriorly to “use up” all of its room

• Non-weight bearing=tibia rotates laterally on femur

• Weight bearing=femur rotates medially on the tibia

What is the Screw-home Mechanism?

400

 Half moon, wedge shaped
fibrocartilage disks
• On superior surface of the
tibia
• Thicker laterally with proximal
surfaces concave
• Absorb shock
• Deepen the flat tibial
condyles

What is the Meniscus?

500

pathology described as

Softening, degeneration articular cartilage

on post aspect patella caused by Increased Q angle

What is Chondromalacia Patella ?

600

• Area behind the knee

• Popliteal artery, tibial nerve, and

common peroneal nerve run though

this region

• Medial border = semitendinosus and

semimembranosus muscles

• Lateral border=biceps femoris muscle

• Inferior borders = gastrocnemius

muscle, both heads

what is the Popliteal Space?