13.1 Guardians of the constitution and individual rights.
The power of the courts, as part of the system of checks and balances, to look at actions taken by the other branches of government and the states to then determine whether they are constitutional.
What is judicial review?
U.S. courts of appeals (after the cases have originated in the federal district courts
What are circuit courts?
The principle or guidelines established by courts in earlier cases that frame the ongoing operation of the courts, steering the direction of the entire system
What is precedent?
Who is the lead or highest-ranking judge on the Court
What is Chief Justice ?
The majority of justices have agreed upon this text, which outlines the logic underlying the Court's ultimate decision.
What is a majority opinion?
In 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and _______________ (ACA), which brought significant changes to the nation’s healthcare system.
What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
Governments establish rules and punishments; laws define conduct that is prohibited because it can harm others and impose punishment for committing such an act.
What is criminal law?
This person is able to nominate supreme court justices.
Who is the President?
The Supreme Court exercises discretion in the cases it chooses to hear, but four of the nine justices must vote to accept a case.
What is the Rule of Four?
This distinct opinion may be issued by a justice who concurs with the result generally but disagrees with the explanation put forward by the majority.
What is a concurring opinion?
Name the 1966 case in which the Court’s Decision was that individuals taken into police custody must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination before being interrogated.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
Hear both civil and criminal matters, although many criminal cases involving federal law are tried in state courts
What are federal courts?
The predominant religion of all previous presidents
What is protestant?
The lawyer who represents the federal government before the Supreme Court: He or she decides which cases (in which the United States is a party) should be appealed from the lower courts and personally approves each one presented
What is a Solicitor General ?
The need to defend individual rights and liberties, and they aim to stop actions and laws by other branches of government that they see as infringing on these rights.
What is Judicial Activism?
. The power of judicial review is not confined to the Supreme Court but is also exercised by the ___________ and even the state courts.
What is lower federal courts?
crimes and criminal activity, such as robbery, rape, and murder, are violations of state laws, and cases are thus heard by ______?
What are state courts?
The first catholic for the supreme court justice.
Who is Roger B. Taney
Short arguments explaining each party’s view of the case, must be submitted—first by the petitioner putting forth the case, then by the respondent.
What are briefs ?
The process of which a court’s decision is put into practice and enforced.
What is Judicial Implementation?
This powerful organization assists the Supreme Court in reaching decisions by providing the justices with summaries and legal analysis.
Who are the law clerks?