Introduction
A state of balance in all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
What is homeostasis?
In this phase of mitosis, chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
What is anaphase?
Numbered chromosomes, of which (normal) humans have 22 pairs.
What are autosomes?
The spreading of a cancer cells from where they formed to another part of the body.
What is metastasis?
A substance that binds to an antibody/T-cell receptor.
What is an antigen?
A vowel added to the end of a root to make the word easier to pronounce.
What is a combining form/vowel?
This molecule forms the primary structural component of the cell membrane.
What is a phospholipid?
A physical representation of a trait (Hh, HH APPEARS AS H, while ll APPEARS AS l).
What is a phenotype?
What is a carcinoma?
The process of cells ingesting other cells or particles.
What is phagocytosis?
Objective physical observations/diagnostic testing that provides evidence of disease.
What is a sign?
Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple during a Gram stain test are classified as this.
What are Gram-positive bacteria?
Name the 2 pairs of bases. (100 extra bonus points for saying how many hydrogen bonds are between each pair).
Adenine & Thymine with 2 bonds
Cytosine & Guanine with 3 bonds
TNM Staging, from Primary tumor, lymph node, and distant metastasis. Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV
On which cells are MHC class I molecules found?
The surface of all nucleated cells.
A group of signs and symptoms that define an abnormal condition.
What is a syndrome?
They lack an outer membrane which can be easily altered to increase resistance.
With a carrier mother and an unaffected father with hemophilia, what percentage of children are affected? (100 bonus points for naming every combination.)
25% of children are affected (1/2 sons).
Another 25% are carriers (1/2 daughters) and the rest are unaffected.
What is the special type of grading used for prostate cancer? (100 bonus points for listing the grading system.)
Gleason Grade
2 most prominent patterns are graded
Both are graded from 1 (well-differentiated) to 5 (poorly differentiated)
Summed to get 2 to 10
The ability to present exogenous antigens through MHC I and MHC II, so that cells can present antigens on MHC I even if not infected.
What is cross-presentation?
What are the different types of treatment? (100 bonus points for examples of every type)
Curative - Antibiotics, antivirals, etc.
Palliative/symptomatic - Pain relievers, tylenol, etc.
Preventative - Vaccines, counseling on quitting smoking/eating healthy, etc.
List all the phases of mitosis and describe what happens in them.
Prophase - Nuclear membranes dissolve, DNA condenses into chromosomes, centrosomes migrate to poles and make spindle fibers
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to centromeres
Anaphase - Centrosomes pull apart, cell begins to stretch
Telophase - Nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers dissolve
List all the phases of mitosis and describe the main differences between mitosis and meiosis (or just list all the phases of meiosis and describe what happens in them)
(Interphase I), Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Interphase II, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I:
Homologous chromosomes form tetrads of four chromatids through synapsis
Tetrads undergo crossing over/recombination where parts of chromatids are swapped around
Anaphase I:
Tetrads are pulled apart into sister chromosomes instead of chromosomes being pulled into sister chromatids
Interphase II:
No DNA replication
Name the 4 categories of genes that have to do with cancer. (100 bonus points for naming what p53 is.)
Oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, suicide genes, DNA repair genes.
p53 is a tumour suppressor gene.Name all the immunoglobulins and their main functions/characteristics.
IgG: The main antibody that does usual basic antibody stuff.
IgA: Protects mucous membranes
IgM: First antibody produced
IgE: Cause allergic reactions
IgD: Activate B cells (found on the surface)