Modals
In many countries, you ___________ wear a seatbelt while driving.
In many countries, you HAVE TO / MUST wear a seatbelt while driving.
(obligation)
Last summer, I _____ to Italy and _____ several historical monuments.
Last summer, I TRAVELED to Italy and VISITED/SAW several historical monuments.
(past simple)
I promise I __________ (to help) you study for your exam this weekend!
I promise I will help you study for your exam this weekend!
I ___________ (call) you earlier, but I forgot. I'm sorry.
I SHOULD HAVE CALLED / OUGHT TO HAVE CALLED you earlier, but I forgot. I'm sorry.
When I was younger, I ___________ run five miles without getting tired.
When I was younger, I COULD run five miles without getting tired.
(ability in the past)
Last night, while I __________ video games, my friend __________ me on the phone.
Last night, while I WAS PLAYING video games, my friend CALLED me on the phone.
(past continuous & past simple)
Look at those dark clouds! It ___________ (rain) soon.
Look at those dark clouds! It is going to rain soon.
(prediction using evidence)
I ___________ (leave) my keys at home, but I’m not sure.
a) should have left
b) must have left
c) couldn't have left
d) may have left
I MAY HAVE LEFT my keys at home, but I’m not sure.
It’s late, you ___________ go to bed now if you want to wake up early tomorrow.
It’s late, you SHOULD / OUGHT TO go to bed now if you want to wake up early tomorrow.
(advice)
By the time I arrived at the party, almost everyone _________ (leave).
By the time I arrived at the party, almost everyone HAD LEFT.
My plane ___________ (leave) at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow, so I need to be at the airport early.
My plane LEAVES at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow, so I need to be at the airport early.
(scheduled event)
I ___________ (help) you move, but I wasn’t feeling well.
a) should have helped
b) would have helped
c) might have helped
d) ought to have helped
I WOULD HAVE HELPED you move, but I wasn't feeling well.
You ___________ finish the entire project today. We still have another week to complete it.
You DON'T HAVE TO / NEEDN'T finish the entire project today. We still have another week to complete it.
(not necessary)
By the time the movie started, we _____ (already) our snacks.
By the time the movie started, we HAD ALREADY EATEN our snacks.
By the end of the year, we (will visit / will have visited) 12 countries.
By the end of the year, we WILL HAVE VISITED 12 countries.
You ___________ (see) her yesterday. She was out of town all week.
a) couldn't have seen
b) shouldn't have seen
c) must have seen
d) might have seen.
You COULDN'T HAVE SEEN her yesterday. She was out of town all week.
She ___________ not be allowed to enter the concert because she forgot her ticket.
She MIGHT / MAY not be allowed to enter the concert because she forgot her ticket.
(possibility)
While I _____ home from school yesterday, I suddenly _____ a dog running towards me.
While I WAS WALKING home from school yesterday, I suddenly SAW a dog running towards me.
Finish sentence #2 so that it has a similar meaning to sentence #1 using "going to"
#1 They are having a party at the park tonight.
#2 There ____ a party at the park tonight.
There IS GOING TO a party at the park tonight.
They ___________ (forget) to invite us to the event. It’s unlike them!
a) could have forgotten
b) should have forgotten
c) must have forgotten
d) would have forgotten
They MUST HAVE FORGOTTEN to invite us to the event. It’s unlike them!