Preventive Medicine
What is the recommended age to start colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults?
45 years old
What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in most patients?
Lifestyle modifications and thiazide diuretics
What class of drugs does metformin belong to?
Biguanides
What is the most common cause of amenorrhea in women of reproductive age?
Pregnancy
What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Name the vaccine recommended annually for all patients older than 6 months
Influenza
What is the target HbA1c for most patients with type 2 diabetes?
Less than 7%
Which medication is commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia?
Statins
Which medication is commonly used for emergency contraception?
Levonorgestrel (Plan B).
What is the main lifestyle intervention recommended for managing prediabetes?
Weight loss and increased physical activity
At what age should women begin regular mammogram screening, according to USPSTF guidelines?
Age 50 (though individual risk factors may lead to earlier screening
What is the recommended first-line treatment for depression in primary care?
Ssris
What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers in managing hypertension?
They reduce heart rate and decrease cardiac output.
What screening test is used to detect cervical cancer in women?
Pap smear
What is the condition characterized by the presence of excess fat in the liver without alcohol use, often associated with metabolic syndrome?
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Which test is used to screen for diabetes in asymptomatic adults?
Hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, or oral glucose tolerance test.
Which test should be regularly performed to monitor kidney function in patients with diabetes?
Urine microalbumin test and serum creatinine
What is a common side effect of long-term corticosteroid use?
Osteoporosis
At what age should bone density screening for osteoporosis begin in women without risk factors?
65
What fasting plasma glucose level is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus?
≥ 126 mg/dL
What is the most effective preventive measure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Smoking cessation
Name the primary medication class used to treat patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
ACE inhibitors or ARBs
What is the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen for adults to avoid toxicity?
4,000 mg
What is the recommended treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy?
Antibiotics (ie nitrofurantoin or cephalexin)
Which class of diabetes medications increases insulin sensitivity by acting on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ)?
Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone).