Psychological Perspectives
What is psychology?
the scientific study of mind and behavior
What is the definition of evolution?
change in species over millions of years
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.
genotype; bb
The two senses that are chemical senses are ________ and ________.
smell and taste
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
What is the process by which a person examines their own conscious experiences?
Introspection
________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.
Attrition
The myelin sheath is made from ________.
glial cells
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Perception refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; Sensation refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They are all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
What can happen to people if the brain stem is damaged?
become paralyzed
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?
top-down processing
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
Janet is conducting a study with post-incarcerated men to determine the impact of daily illicit drug use on sleep patterns. Janet’s research is mostly likely based on which psychological framework?
Biopsychology
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
Longitudinal research
Which of the following sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response?
Adrenal glands
If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?
Proximity
Ellen tells a lie and is grounded. She does this several times, finally learning that her behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of conditioning is this? Explain.
Operant Conditioning; It differs from classical conditioning in that the behaviors are conscious and not unconscious responses to a stimulus.
In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
Populations of developed nations are living longer.
Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
Type of Play, No Play
Damage to the ________ disrupts one’s ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one’s ability to produce words intact.
Wernicke's Area
Evelyn turned the thermostat up from 68 degrees to 70 degrees; however, she doesn't think it feels any warmer and she wants to turn it up even higher. Her roommate thinks that it is now too hot, and she wants to turn the thermostat back down. Apparently Evelyn has...
a larger just noticeable difference for temperature than her roommate does
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus