Fluency
Total number of new cases of stuttering in a specific population over a certain period
What is Prevalence?
Originate in the brain and are involved in voluntary motor control
What are upper motor neurons?
The key function of this lobe is auditory processing
What is the temporal lobe?
These muscles are the muscles of phonation
What are the laryngeal muscles?
This pathway connects the two hemispheres
What is the commissural pathways?
Observable stuttering behaviors
What is the top of the iceberg?
Located in the spinal cord and directly innervate muscles
What are lower motor neurons?
This is located in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and is vital for language comprehension
What is Wernicke's Area?
This breathing is normal and quiet where air moves in and out of the lungs at rest
What is tidal breathing?
This pathway connects different areas within the same hemisphere
What are the association pathways?
Characterized by rapid speech and unclear articulation
What is cluttering?
Symptoms to a lesion to this neuron includes spasticity, heperreflexia, and weakness
What is the hippocampus?
The phrenic nerve innervates this structure
What is the diaphragm?
This pathway connects the cortex with lower brain regions
What are the projection pathways?
Impaired brain connectivity in the left hemisphere and basal ganglia
What are the underlying neuropsychological causes of stuttering?
A lesion to these neurons would cause flaccid paralysis, atrophy, and hyporeflexia
What are conditions related to lower motor neuron lesions?
This part of the brain is responsible for coordination, precision, and timing of movements
What is the cerebellum?
This muscles controls pitch and is innervated by CN X (superior laryngeal)
What is the cricothyroid?
This artery supplies blood to critical areas of the brain responsible for speech and language
What is the middle cerebral artery?
Results from neurological events (stroke)
What is neurogenic stuttering?
Contains neuronal cell bodies; involved in processing and integration
What is gray matter?
This system involves direct pathways from the motor cortex to the spinal cord and controls precise actions
What is the pyramidal system?
This refers to the use of respiratory reserve during forceful breathing, such as during exercise or deep inhalation/exhalation
What is beyond total breathing?
This is a network of arteries located at the base of the brain that provides a safety mechanism for blood flow. If there is a blockage, this can help redirect blood flow.
What is the Circle of Willis?