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Airspaces
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100

What are the entry requirements, Basic VFR weather minimums, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class A airspace?

Class A: 

  • Generally 18,000 MSL-60,000 MSL.
  • The pilot and aircraft must be instrument qualified and equipped and the pilot must have a clearance from ATC to enter Class A airspace.
  • Aircraft in Class A airspace must be ADS-B Compliant.
  • Clouds Clearance: N/A
100

Name the two types of drag AND what causes them AND the relationship to airspeed. 

Induced drag is a byproduct of lift.

- Half airspeed = four times induced drag

- Low airspeed, high angles of attack = more induced drag

 -Greatest when aircraft is heavy slow and clean

- Caused by the spanwise airflow around the wing.


Parasite drag includes all the drag not related to the production of lift.

- Double Airspeed = four times parasite drag

- Form drag – turbulent wake caused by airflow around a structure

- Interference – interaction of varied currents that flow over an airplane and mix together

- Skin friction drag – roughness of airplane surfaces

100

Explain the Pitot-Static System

A combined pitot-static probe below the left wing. Pitot port in front, static port in back, drain port in bottom.

Airspeed: uses the pitot port and the static port. Uses the difference between ram air pressure and static air pressure to indicate the airspeed

Altimeter: uses the static air pressure to indicate the altitude MSL

VSI: uses the rate of change of static pressure to indicate the direction and rate of altitude change

Blind altitude encoder: does not have an adjustment for weather induced changes. Located on the aft side of the firewall on the left and sends static pressure to the transport for mode c operation and the GPS system for altitude input.

  • Only airspeed indicator reads pitot pressure; altimeter, VSI, and transponder use static pressure.
100

Define the ISA

International Standard Atmosphere

Sea Level Barometric pressure: 29.92 in Hg

Sea Level Temperature: 15 degrees C

Relative humidity: 0%

100

Brief Diversion

  • Determine whether diversion is practical considering weather, airfield status, and fuel remaining.
  • Notify furball ASAP. State call sign, position, diversion airfield, fuel remaining, and reason for diversion
  • Intercept most direct route to diversion air field that is practical and safe, use nearest airport page and direct-to function.
  • Advise ATC, Tgr Trfc, or CTAF as required to deconflict non-standard routes and or ALTs with local area training and routes.
  • To maximize available fuel, fly 73 flaps cruise, add ½ headwind component to airspeed. Consider winds aloft when electing ALT.
200

What are the entry requirements, map depiction, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class D airspace?

  • Generally extends from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation.
  • Depicted by dashed blue lines.
  • Two way radio communications (specifically Call Sign acknowledgement) are required prior to entering this airspace.
  • Cloud Clearance: 3 SM
  • Visibility: 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet horizontal.
  • Speed: Less than 200 KIAS below 2500 feet AGL within 4 nm of the primary airport.
200

What are the 4 turning tendencies

Torque- from rotation of propeller - left turning

Gyroscopic - force applied to rim of propeller - right yaw

P-factor - asymmetrical thrust - left yaw

Spiraling Slip Stream - wraps the fuselage and hits rudder - left yaw

200

How much flight time does a full tank of fuel provide?

4 hours of flight time

6 gallons per hour

every 1/8th of a tank is 30 minutes of flight (3 gallons)

200

What is a windshear and the 4 things associated with it?

Wind Shear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a small area

1. Passing Frontal Systems

2. Thunderstorms

3. Temperature Inversions

4. Surface Obstructions

200

What are the entry requirements, map depiction, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class G airspace?

  • Uncontrolled airspace on the ground from the surface to the base of the overlying airspace.
  • No clearance required.
  • ADS-B required above 10000 feet and within 30 nm of Mode C veil.

  • Visibility/Cloud clearance:
  • Below 1200 feet: Day 1 SM clear of clouds. Night 3512.
  • Above 1200 feet: Day 1 SM 512. Night 3512.
  • Above 10000 feet: F111.

  • Speed: Less than 250 knots below 10000 feet MSL.
300

What are the entry requirements, map depiction, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class E airspace?

Class E: 

  • Controlled airspace that is not designated A, B, C, or D.
  • Depicted as dashed magenta, fading blue, or fading magenta.
  • Extends upward from either the surface or a designated altitude to the overlying controlled airspace, usually Class A at 18,000 feet.
  • It also extends from FL600 upwards with no vertical limit.
  • ADS-B required above 10000 feet.
  • No clearance required.
  • Cloud Clearance:
  • Below 10000 feet:
  • Cloud clearance: 3 SM
  • Visibility: 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet horizontal.
  • Above 10000 feet:
  • Cloud clearance
  • Visibility: 5 SM, 1000 feet below, 1000 feet above, 1 mile horizontal.
  • Speed: Less than 250 knots below 10000 feet MSL.
300

Indications, Actions, and Considerations of Stall Recovery

Indications

Spin: Stall + Yaw


Actions

Throttle - Idle

Rudder - Full Opposite Spin Direction

Control Stick - Ease Foward

Rudder - Neutral When Rotation Stops

Flaps - Cruise

Control Stick - Pull Cautiously


Considerations

CAUTION: Recover to level flight cautiously to avoid inducing a secondary stall, but do not allow the airspeed to exceed 164 KIAS. 

The stall pattern on the DA20-C1 wing progresses from the wing root toward the wingtip. This design helps prevent undesirable rolling moments at high lift coefficients, contributes to early stall warning, and preserves aileron effectiveness at high angles of attack. 

“Stall and yaw” are required to enter a spin.

Proper stall recovery technique (i.e., maintaining coordinated flight throughout the setup and recovery) will prevent inadvertent spins. 

Do not confuse a spin with a spiral dive. A spin involves flight at high angles of attack and low airspeed, but a spiral dive involves spiral motion at a relatively low angle of attack and high airspeed.

Use the miniature airplane on the turn coordinator to verify spin direction. Do not use the ball in the inclinometer to determine spin direction because its indications are not always reliable.

Perform a CONTROLLABILITY CHECK if you suspect structural damage following an over-G during spin recovery.

300

Fuel Planning

- How much fuel do you need to carry for each type of sortie?

  - 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, Area, X/C?

  - how long for reserve?

Fuel Planning

  • Sorties up to 1.4 must carry at least 5/8 of a fuel.
  • Flight duration of 1.5 to 1.8 must carry at least ¾
  • Each sorties of 1.9 to 2.0 must carry 7/8.
  • Area or X/C must carry full.
  • Must have 30 min of reserve fuel.
300

what are the stages of a thunderstorm?

Cumulus Stage: height 3-5 mi, updrafts begin, needs moisture and instability

Mature: height 5-10mi, most violent, when precipitation begins to fall, violent turbulance

Dissipating: 5-7 mi, updrafts dissipate, downdrafts begin spreading out

300

Describe the Clock-Map-Ground Method

  • A method to monitor your progress along a route
  • Check the clock, then look at the where you should be on the map at the current time and locations visible within 2-4 minutes ahead of your current location. Thirdly, look outside at the ground to identify the features.
400

What are the entry requirements, map depiction, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class C airspace?

Class C: 

  • Generally extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation charted in MSL.
  • Depicted by solid magenta lines.
  • The Core is generally of a 5 nm radius surface area that extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. The Shelf extends from 5 to 10 nm radius and extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation.
  • Two way radio communications (specifically Call Sign acknowledgement) are required prior to entering this airspace.
  • A Transponder with Mode C and ADS-B are required in Class C airspace.
  • Cloud Clearance: 3 SM
  • Visibility: 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet horizontal.
  • Speed: Less than 250 KIAS below 10000 feet MSL and less than 200 KIAS below 2500 feet AGL and within 4 nm of the primary airport.
400

Magnetic Variation vs Magnetic Deviation 

Magnetic Variation: Angle between Mag. North and True North

Magnetic Deviation: Deviation from magnetic compass and actual magnetic heading due to interference from aircraft

400

What is the Oil System Pathway

  • Wet Oil Sump → Engine-Driven Oil Pump → Oil Filter → Vernatherm (Cool Flow) or to Oil Cooler (Hot Flow) → Engine Cylinders, Components & Accessories
  • SUMP -> PUMP -> FVE
400

Read this:

KCOS 162354Z 31009KT 10SM FEW090 07/M06 A2978 RMK AO2 WSHFT 2322 SLP070 T00721061 10139 20072 53024


KCOS 162321Z 1700/1724 04012KT P6SM FEW100
  TEMPO 1700/1701 04012G22KT
  FM170100 33010KT P6SM

you probbly did it good

400

Decode Trinidad Airport Information Block

Magenta Color: Un towered

Perry Stokes (RAD): airport name and code

ASOS frequency: 119.025

Elevation: 5762 ft

*L: lighting limitations exist

Longest runway available: 55 ft

UNICOM: 122.8

RP 21: Right hand pattern for runway 21

Solid C: indicates CTAF

500

What are the entry requirements, map depiction, cloud clearance requirements, and speed limits in the Class B airspace?

Class B:

  • Generally the airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports.
  • Depicted by solid blue lines.
  • “Explicit” two-way radio communications and a clearance are required prior to entering this airspace.
  • ADS-B equipment is required be on aircraft operating in Class B airspace.
  • A Mode C Veil exists at a 30 nm radius of Class B airports. It extends from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL. An aircraft must have an operating Transponder with Mode C (altitude encoding) and ADS-B to fly inside this veil.
  • Visibility: 3 SM
  • Cloud Clearance: Clear of clouds
  • Speed: Less than 250 KIAS below 10000 feet MSL and less than 200 KIAS in the underlying airspace or in a VFR corridor
500

What is the fuel system pathway

System Pathway: Fuel Tank; Gascolator; Duke’s Fuel Pump or Bypass; Fuel Shutoff Valve; Engine Driven Pump (and swirl chamber); Fuel Control Unit; Fuel Distribution Manifold; Fuel Injector Nozzles; Engine Cylinders

500

What are the Weather Minimums for Nav Routes

1) Minimum flight visibility is 3 sm with an IP on board, and 5 sm for student solos. 

(2) 500 feet below clouds. 

(3) 1000 feet above clouds with an IP on board. Student solos shall not fly in conditions without visual reference to the surface. 

(4) 2000 feet horizontal from clouds

500

Brief from memory:

ENGINE MALFUNCTION—INSUFFICIENT ENGINE POWER AFTER TAKEOFF 

Indications, Actions, Considerations.

INDICATIONS

Inability to maintain positive rate of climb after takeoff due to partial loss of engine power.

ACTIONS 

1. AIRSPEED…60 KIAS.

2. THROTTLE…FULL.

3. MIXTURE…FULL RICH. 

4. FUEL SHUTOFF VALVE…ON.

5. IGNITION SWITCH…BOTH.. 

6. FUEL PUMP…ON. 

7. ALTERNATE AIR…ON.

8. FORCED LANDING IF SUFFICIENT PWR IS NOT RESTORED

9. PRECAUTIONARY EMERGENCY LDG IF PWR RESTORED 

CONSIDERATIONS

WARNING: Do not attempt to turn back to the departure runway without sufficient altitude. The safest option for a forced landing shortly after takeoff is generally to land straight ahead, or small turns as required to avoid obstacles and hazards