Roman Republic
What type of government was the Roman Republic based on?
A representative democracy.
Name two factors that led to the fall of the Roman Republic.
Economic inequality and social unrest, and political power struggles among ambitious generals.
What title did Octavian take after defeating Mark Antony?
Augustus, becoming the first emperor of Rome.
How did the government structure differ between the Roman Republic and the Empire?
The Republic was led by elected officials and the Senate, while the Empire was ruled by an emperor with absolute authority.
Name two regions that Rome conquered during its expansion.
Gaul and Britain.
Who were the Gracchi brothers, and what reforms did they propose?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were Roman politicians who proposed land reforms to redistribute land to the poor.
What was the significance of Julius Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon?
It marked the start of a civil war and the erosion of Republican traditions.
Name two regions that Rome conquered during its expansion as an empire.
Gaul and Britain.
Two achievements of Roman engineering.
Durable roads and aqueducts for transporting water.
What kind of infrastructure did Romans create for efficient transport?
Durable roads.
How did Gaius Marius' military reforms impact soldiers’ loyalty?
Soldiers became more loyal to their generals than to the Republic because they depended on their generals for land and rewards.
Who were the main rivals in the civil war after Julius Caesar's death?
Mark Antony and Octavian.
How did Roman stoicism emphasize philosophical ideas?
Stoic philosophy focused on improving individuals' lives and enduring hardships.
What changes occurred during the Pax Romana?
Trade flourished, and the population grew due to peace and prosperity.
What was the role of Roman aqueducts?
To transport water to cities and towns.
What role did the Senate play in the Republic versus the Empire?
In the Republic, the Senate had significant policy-making power; in the Empire, it became largely ceremonial.
How did the shift from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire influence governance and social structure in Roman society?
The transition centralized power under the emperor, reducing the influence of elected officials and the Senate. This strengthened imperial authority but eroded democratic practices.
What purpose did Roman aqueducts serve?
To transport water to cities and towns.
Compare the Senate’s role in the Republic and the Empire.
In the Republic, the Senate held real political influence; in the Empire, its role was mostly ceremonial.
Impact of Roman architectural techniques on modern buildings.
Techniques like arches and concrete influenced designs in contemporary bridges, stadiums, and urban planning.
How did the rights and duties of Roman citizens reflect the importance of written laws?
They ensured equal treatment and established clear responsibilities for all citizens.
the long-term impacts of Roman engineering and architectural accomplishments on modern infrastructure.
Roman engineering innovations, such as aqueducts, roads, and durable construction techniques, laid the foundation for modern water supply systems, highways, and large-scale public buildings.
During the Pax Romana, what changes occurred in trade and population?
Trade flourished with increased imports and exports, and the population grew due to peace and prosperity.
Name two factors that caused the eventual decline of the Roman Republic.
Economic inequality and power struggles among generals.
How did Roman engineering innovations affect modern infrastructure?
They laid the foundation for modern water supply systems, highways, and large-scale public construction.