Motor
The ion required for muscle movement
Calcium (Ca2+)
What causes the lub dub sound of your heartbeat?
The sound of heart valves closing
What is the advantage of capillaries being so thin?
Gas exchange
Explain how blood vessels maintain homeostatic regulation of body temperature
Vasodilation causes blood vessels to expand and move closer to the skin to release heat, whereas vasoconstriction causes blood vessels to tighten and retreat from the skin to conserve heat
Name four examples of the first line of defense
Skin, eyelashes, tears, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, etc.
The system which controls skeletal muscle
Systemic nervous system
Compare the ECG of a person who is currently working out to that of someone experiencing a heart attack
Spikes closer together and consistent (increased heart rate) versus irregular, smaller and/or less frequent electrical impulses
Why are arteries thick and why do veins have valves?
To withstand the pressure of blood flow, to support blood travelling to the heart in spite of gravity
What antigens and antibodies are present in Type AB blood?
Both A-antigens and B-antigens and neither antibody.
Describe the role of B-cells
To produce antibodies to identify pathogen antigens
The system which controls digestive, reproductive and cardiac muscles
Autonomic nervous system
The valves between ventricles and arteries are __________________ and the valves between atria and ventricles are __________________
Semilunar valves, atrioventricular valves
Describe how erythrocytes work using the name of a circulatory pigment
RBCs bind to hemoglobin which in turn bind to oxygen and carbon dioxide to transport them around the body
What are the three requirements for someone to be a universal blood donor?
No antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and Rh- (O- type blood)
What is the purpose of lymph nodes? What do macrophages do?
Nodes in the neck, armpits, and groins where white blood cells (leukocytes) go to mature. Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens in a process called phagocytosis.
What is rigor mortis and what causes it?
A lack of ATP in the muscle fibers after death, resulting in the locking of muscles
Describe the flow of blood through the heart (6 steps)
1. Enter through inferior and super vena cava
2. Flow from right atrium to right ventricle
3. Exit through pulmonary arteries to lungs
4. Enter through pulmonary veins into left atrium
5. Flow from left atrium to right atrium
6. Exit through aorta to body
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
What is Erythroblastosis fetalis?
An issue in which an Rh+ fetus' cells enter its Rh- mother's body during pregnancy, causing her to develop antibodies that will attack her second Rh+ child.
How do vaccines work?
A weakened or dead (deactivated) pathogen is injected into the bloodstream so that the body produces antibodies in response to its antigens, preparing it to immediately respond to future infection
Describe the sliding filament theory of contraction and relaxation
At its simplest, ATP and a specific ion powering the thin myosin fibrils to latch on (form a cross-bridge) with thick actin filaments and pull them inward (contract) and then release and elongate again (relax).
Fill in the blanks: The _________________ releases an electrical impulse that causes the _________________ to contract. This contraction signals the _________________ to transmit a message through the _________________ to the _________________. This causes the _________________ to contract.
The sinoatrial node releases an electrical impulse that causes the atria to contract. This contraction signals the atrioventricular node to transmit a message through the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers. This causes the ventricles to contract.
Define plasma and what it contains (5 things, 100 points each)
A liquid combination of water, dissolved gases (carbon dioxide for example), nutrients, hormones, and waste products
Fill in the blanks (100 each): Injured blood vessels release chemical messengers which attract _____________ to the site. They rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called _____________, which reacts with calcium and _____________, producing _____________. This reacts with _____________ to produce fibrin, which forms a clot.
Injured blood vessels release chemical messengers which attract platelets to the site. They rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called thromboplastin, which reacts with calcium and prothrombin, producing thrombin. This reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin, which forms a clot.
Describe the roles of the three kinds of T-cell
Helper-T cells analyze the pathogens broken down by phagocytes and signal B-cells to help. Killer-T cells destroys virus-infected and cancerous cells. Suppressor-T cells call off Killer-Ts before they attack healthy cells.