Social Structure Theories
Which of the following is a type of social structure theory?
Social disorganization theory
Social learning theory
Social control theory
Social bond theory
Social disorganization theory
According to social process theories, criminal behavior is ________.
an innate human characteristic
a psychological factor
a matter of individual choice
learned in interaction with others
learned in interaction with others
What theory focuses on the strength of the bond that people share with individuals and institutions around them?
Social learning
Labeling
Social control
Social structure
Social learning
________ criminologists seek to overthrow the existing social order as a way to eliminate crime.
Critical
Radical
Conflict
Consensus
Conflict
________ theories suggest that crime is the end product of factors such as inappropriate socialization and social learning.
Social structure
Social process
Conflict
Radical
Social structure
According to Merton, the ________ mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means.
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Ritualism
According to the general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is ________.
Social bonds
Self-control
Sensitivity
Intelligence
Self-control
________ are expectations for human behavior within a social group.
Techniques of neutralization
Modes of adaptation
Conduct norms
Middle class measuring rods
Conduct norms
The central notion in the social conflict perspective is the concept of ________.
Social thought
Political position
Social class
Social perspective
Social class
Rather than focusing on factors which cause criminal behavior, ________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.
subcultural
social control
strain
differential opportunity
social control
According to strain theory - what type of strain is most likely to cause crime?
Strains perceived as low in magnitude
Strain associated with high levels of self-control
Strains that are perceived as just or reasonable
Strains that create an incentive to engage in criminal coping
Strains that create an incentive to engage in criminal coping
The concept of collective efficacy emphasizes ________.
The identification of hot spots of crime
Defensible space
Social cohesion
Cultural transmission
Social cohesion
Which of the following is an example of a pull towards crime?
A criminogenic background
Biological propensities toward deviant behavior
Perceived rewards from crime
Psychological maladjustment
Perceived rewards from crime
One criticism of peacemaking criminology is that ________.
It is too deconstructionist
Participating criminologists are activists and have a partisan approach
It is a theory in formation
It is naïve and utopian
It is naïve and utopian
Walter Miller identified six key values, or ________, which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture.
Cultural norms
Focal concerns
Culture conduct
Conduct norms
Focal concerns
Social structure theories see ________ as a fundamental cause of crime.
Economic and social disenfranchisement
A lack of self-control
The strength of the social bond
The nature of existing power relationships between social groups
Economic and social disenfranchisement
Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should ________.
Provide conventional methods for success
Respond to serious, violent, and chronic offending
Work to build prosocial bonds
Establish a juvenile justice continuum of care
Work to build prosocial bonds
According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is ________.
The reactions of society
A specific quality inherent in the individual
A specific quality inherent in the criminal behavior
A negative self-image
The reactions of society
According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on ________.
The exercise of political power
The accumulation of wealth
Socially significant differences
Individual personal characteristics
The exercise of political power
Which of the following is an example of a pull towards crime?
A criminogenic background
Biological propensities toward deviant behavior
Perceived rewards from crime
Psychological maladjustment
Perceived rewards from crime
________ is the process in which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.
Reaction formation
Relative deprivation
Anomie
Techniques of neutralization
Reaction formation
Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
It has little to say about secret deviants.
It does little to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
It does not offer suggestions for institutional change.
It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence.
D) It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence.
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is ________.
social bonds
intelligence
self-control
sensitivity
Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
Crime is seen as an act against the state and a violation of a law.
Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility.
Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime.
Offender accountability is defined as taking punishment.
Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime.
The ________ dimension of a criminal career refers to the fraction of a population that is criminally active.
Participation
Intensity
Frequency
Duration
Participation