Ch 1: Pretty Fly for a Sci Guy
Define Pseudoscience and describe ONE red flag that something may be based on pseudoscience
Pseudoscience: not based on scientific method "FAKE SCIENCE"
*no author, citations, advertising/popups, trying to sell you a product, subjective evidence, too good to be true
Viruses can be described as parasite like- Define Parasite
something that requires a host to compete its life cycle
Name and Describe one of the three groups of ARCHAEBACTERIA
Explain where each could be found
*Thermoacidophiles: thrive in high heat/ low acidic environments (hot springs)
*Halophiles: thrive in super salty environments (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)
*Methanogens: thrive in anaerobic conditions and make methane from organic substances (swamps, "poo ponds", ruminants)
Name the top two cell theory contributors who helped dispel the whole Spontaneous Generation myth. Explain what each one did
Leeuwenhoek: microscope to see, document, and publish microorganism findings
Redi: covered vs uncovered jar experiment showed the life cycle of flies
The whole point of cells transporting substances into and out of the cell is to maintain _________
The main difference between passive and active transport is that ACTIVE transport requires ____
homeostasis
Active transport requires ATP (energy)
What is the Independent variable AND dependent variable for the following.... "Joe Cooken designs an experiment to test if adding lights to the coop in the winter will cause his chickens to start laying again."
IV: adding the light; light
DV: if chickens lay eggs or not
Define ZOONOTIC disease and provide ONE example of a zoonotic VIRAL DISEASE
Zoonotic: humans and animals can both become infected with the disease
Viral examples: West Nile, Bird Flu, Rabies
Describe the general environmental conditions that MOST eubacteria species thrive in (temp range, pH range, humidity level)
temp: 65-100 F (41-135 F accepted)
pH: 6.5-7.5
moist/damp
chloroplasts make the food(glucose) that is sent to the mitochondria to turn into ATP (Cellular energy)
both: passive transport; high to low
Diffusion: directly through the cell membrane; O2 & CO2
Osmosis: needs an aquaporin: for water
What is a CONSTANT VARIABLE? Describe TWO constant variables for the following experiment.... "Joe Cooken designs an experiment to test if adding lights to the coop in the winter will cause his chickens to start laying again."
Constant Variable: factor that stays the same
Constants: type of chickens, amount of light per day, feed, water, coop
Describe FOUR reasons why viruses are classified as NONLIVING
no homeostasis, not made of cells, no metabolism, do not grow
Name ALL three Bacterial Shapes and describe what each type looks like
Cocci- Round/ circle/ beachball shaped
Bacilli- oval/ pill shaped
Spirilli- spiral shaped
State ALL 3 parts of the cell theory and EXPLAIN WHY it is a SCIENTIFIC THEORY
1. All organisms are made of cells
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. Cells only come from other cells
It is supported by LOTS AND LOTS of evidence
Why are the Na-K and Ca pumps important for the body? Describe three symptoms that could indicate you're low on Ca or K
both are needed for muscle and nerve function
*weakness, fatigue, depression, tremors, confusion, cramps, etc.
What would be the control group for the following experiment? WHY IS A CONTROL GROUP USED?
"Joe Cooken designs an experiment to test if adding lights to the coop in the winter will cause his chickens to start laying again."
Control group: chickens with no extra light
CG is used as a comparison
Describe how a virus will infect its host (3 steps)
Step 1: virus will attach to host cell
Step 2: virus will injects its nucleic acid and cause cell to make viral copies
Step 3: cell makes viral copies and breaks open cell to infect other cells
Describe how Saprophytes and Fermentation bacteria are helpful. Specify each bacteria type's oxygen needs
Saprophytes (aerobic) DECOMPOSERS
Fermentation (anaerobic) Makes pickled food and alcoholic beverages
Compare and Contrast paramecium and amoebas (2 differences and 1 similarity)
BOTH PROTISTS is NOT ACCEPTABLE
Amoeba: slow, no shape, no mouthpore, pseudopodia
Paramecium: fast, oval shape, mouthpore, cilia
Both: aquatic, heterotrophs, contractile vacuole
Define what a biochemical pathway is and DESCRIBE both parts of the photosynthesis reaction
Biochemical pathway: series of chemical reactions that depend upon one another
Light Reaction uses light and water to make ATP & NADPH for the Dark Reaction. Dark reaction will complete Carbon fixation to make Food (glucose)
Describe FOUR characteristics of life that the Brine shrimp displayed
*made of cells (eukaryote); had metabolism (heterotrophs); responded to stimuli (hatched in the water/ response to pollutants); Grew by cell division; displayed homeostasis; Reproduced (how we got the brine shrimp eggs/cysts); Have DNA (hereditary material with traits)
How does a vaccine work to provide immunity? (3 steps)
2: Host WBC are exposed to virus and start making antibodies/ interferons
3: host now has antibodies against future infection and will be prepared to fight off virus in the future
EXPLAIN what an antibiotic is supposed to do and DESCRIBE THE problem with antibiotic resistance. (Include what can cause antibiotic resistance)
Antibiotics are supposed to kill pathogenic bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria no longer respond to a drug. Misuse/ abuse/ overuse of antibiotics has caused this problem
What feature makes pathogenic protists so difficult to completely eradicate from an area? How does this help the protist survive?
CYST
*protects against UV, extreme temps, Cleaners, etc.
What is CARBON FIXATION?
Explain the difference between a C3 and a CAM plant in terms of when they have their stomatas open and when they complete carbon fixation
Provide an example of each type
Converting CO2 into usable compounds for life
C3: stomatas open all day long; C-fixation happens immediately (grass)
CAM: stomatas open at night: C-fixation happens later (cactus)