Bacteria
What kind of leprosy infection presents with a strong Th2 cell response?
Lepromentaous leprae
What helminth can result in megaloblastic anemia due to B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum
One subtype of AML is acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), which is characterized by t(_;_)
Bonus fun points: What is the treatment for this condition?
t(15;17)
Tx = all-trans-retinoic acid
What drug is used in most cases of disseminated (systemic) fungal infections?
AMPHOTERICIN B
Tumor lysis syndrome presents with decreased levels of what ion?
CALCIUM!!
Presents with increased K+, uric acid, & PO4-
Which part of the lungs does secondary tuberculosis affect?
Bonus fun points: What about primary tuberculosis?
The apex of the lobes/upper lobes
Primary affects the middle and lower lobes
Presence of what form of Onchocerca in the eye can cause river blindness?
Bonus fun points: What about Toxocara
Onchocerca = Microfilariae
Toxocara = larvae
Arteriosclerosis is a trait of what kind of transplant rejection?
Chronic transplant rejection
What drugs would you use in the treatment of Toxoplasmosis?
Bonus fun points: What drugs are used for prophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis(2)?
Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine
TMP-SMX
SCID will present as an absence of what on CXR?
Thymic shadow
What viral mechanism is associated with influenza pandemics?
Bonus fun points: What about epidemics?
Extra bonus points: What genetic mechanism is related to each?
Antigenic shift - reassortment
Antigenic drift - point mutations
Pt with PMH of HIV presenting with ring-enhancing lesions and encephalitis is suggestive of what infection?
Toxoplasmosis
What should patients with aplastic anemia above the age of 40 be treated with (be specific)?
Bonus fun points: What if they're under the age of 40?
horse ATG (antithymocyte globin) + cyclosporine
If under 40, possible bone marrow transplant
In the case of community-acquired pneumonia, what drug is commonly used to treat cases of typical pneumonia?
Bonus fun points: What about atypical pneumonia
Typical = Ceftriaxone
Atypical = Azithromycin
What HLA genes are associated with autoimmune diabetes?
DR3 & DR4
Pt who presents with atypical pneumonia whose culture successfully grows on a medium containing yeast extract, horse serum, cholesterol, & penicillin G is most likely what bacteria?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Eaton agar - cholesterol
Pt presents to the ED with erythema chronicum migrans. What protozoa should we test for?
Babesia
Both Babesia & Borrelia burgdorferi can be spread by the Ixodes tick
Hypocellularity & pancytopenia are signs of what blood condition?
Aplastic anemia
Treatment of the tuberculoid form of leprosy includes what drugs?
Bonus fun points: What about the lepromatous form?
Rifampin and dapsone for 6 months
Add clofazimine
Pt presents with decreased IgG, IgA, & IgE, bilaterial interstitial infiltrates on CXR, & disc-shaped-yeast on bronchial lavage when stained with silver stain. A defect in what cell is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition (be specific)?
Bonus fun points: What is the most likely infection?
CD40L on T cells
Decreased IgA/G/E and normal IgM is most likely due to Hyper-IgM syndrome which results from no class-switching due to a defect in the CD40L on T cells which impairs T cel signaling to B cells.
Infection is pneumocystis jirovecci
A pt presents to the ED with adrenal hemorrhage with previous DIC. What pathogen is this pt most likely infected with?
N. meningitidis
adrenal hemorrhage = waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome = causes adrenal glands to stop producing cortisol (life-threatening)
In late HIV infection, HIV gains access to helper T cells by binding to what receptor & co-receptor?
Bonus fun points: Early infection of macrophages requires binding of what receptor & co-receptor?
Helper T cell = CD4 & CXCR4
Macrophages = CD4 & CCR5
Pt's blood presents with large B cells with multilobed nuclei and prominent nucleoli that are positive for CD15 & CD30. What condition is this pt most likely suffering from?
Hodgkin lymphoma
large B cells with multilobed nuclei and prominent nucleoli that are positive for CD15 & CD30 = Reed-Sternberg cells
Arrhythmia due to hypokalemia is an adverse side effect of what anti-fungal?
AMPHOTERICIN B!!!
Pt presents with recurrent episodes of foul-smelling, greasy diarrhea for 3 months. He has a history of URT infections. What possible reaction could this patient suffer if they received a blood transfusion?
Lack of IgA = recurrent Giardia infection = HSR to IgA products