MSK
During MLT, what technique of stretch differentiates the upper trap and levator scapulae?
MLT Levator scap: passively flexes cervical spine, side bend and rotate patient’s neck to contralateral side, use chest or sternum support in that position, one hand to apply a downward force through the shoulder looking for resistance or symptom reproduction, compare sides
MLT Upper trap: same except Passively side bend patient’s cervical spine to contralateral side and rotate towards the ipsilateral side
What are the three main functions of the brainstem?
1) as a conduit for transmitting information, 2) in the function of cranial nerves, and 3) in integrative functions such as motor control, cardiovascular and respiratory control, consciousness, and pain modulation
What are the four primary sites for heart valve auscultation and where are they located?
The four primary sites for heart valve auscultation are:
Aortic: 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border,
Pulmonic: 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border,
Erbs point
Tricuspid: 5th intercostal space, left sternal border,
Mitral (Apex): 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
What are some of the clinical manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
fever, weight loss, and malaise. SLE can also affect multiple body systems including the skin (butterfly rash, vasculitis), cardiopulmonary system (pleuritis, pericarditis, thrombosis), nervous system (depression, seizures, neuropathies), and musculoskeletal system (arthralgias and arthritis)
Most of the muscles in the human body work as (class lever)
Most muscles in the human body work as third class levers
What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?
The tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, median nerve, and flexor pollicis longus pass through the carpal tunnel
what are the three functional regions of the cerebellum, and what are their roles in movement?
cerebrocerebellum: motor planning and coordinating smooth movements, role in cognition and speech
spinocerebellum: motor execution
Vestibulocerebellum: balance and posture, receiving input from the vestibular system.
*reference Dr. Dials Control Circuits: Basal Nuclei & Cerebellum presentation, slide #24
What are main differences beetween restrictive and obstructive diseases? examples?
Restrictive diseases: difficulty getting air IN due to reduced lung volumes.
Obstructive diseases: difficulty getting air OUT due to airflow limitations.
Restrictive lung diseases reduce lung volume and compliance, making expansion difficult. Intrinsic restrictive diseases involve lung tissue damage, as seen in conditions like interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), tuberculosis, atelectasis (or lung collapse), lung cancer, sarcoidosis, and pneumonia - impairing gas exchange. Extrinsic restrictive diseases result from external factors such as trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, morbid obesity, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis
Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a limitation in airflow, particularly during exhalation. These diseases often involve inflammation, fibrosis, mucus plugs, and a loss of elastic recoil in the airways. Common obstructive diseases include COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), which encompasses conditions like emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis
What are the typical signs and symptoms of heart failure?
shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion (DOE), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), orthopnea, pulmonary edema, jugular venous distension (JVD), abdominal distension (ascites), fatigue, muscle weakness, and cyanosis. Atrial fibrillation may also be present
When turning a screwdriver in a clockwise direction with the right hand, the supinator is the ______ and the pronator teres is the ______.
When turning a screwdriver in a clockwise direction with the right hand, the supinator is the prime mover and the pronator teres is the antagonist
What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve in the forearm?
flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus (digits 4 and 5), palmaris brevis, lumbricals 3 and 4, adductor pollicis, dorsal interossei, flexor pollicis brevis (deep head), abductor digiti minimi (deep branch)
"MAF" mneumonic M: The medial two lumbricals, which are the third and fourth lumbricals on the pinky side, A: The adductor pollicis, All the flexors on the ulnar side
What are the main arteries that supply blood to the brain, and how are they connected?
ACA, PCA, MCA
The brain receives its blood supply from the internal carotid arteries (anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries (posterior circulation)
The internal carotid arteries branch into the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the middle cerebral artery(MCA), The vertebral arteries form the basilar artery and branch into the posterior cerebral artery(PCA), superior cerebellar artery(SCA), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
The anterior and posterior circulations are connected by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries, forming the Circle of Willis, which provides collateral circulation
what are some common comorbidities associated with COPD
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Cardiovascular disease3
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Hypertension and lung cancer
Osteoporosis and diabetes
Cardiovascular disease and anxiety
Bronchiectasis and asthma
difference between left and right sided heart failure
Left-Sided Heart Failure In left-sided heart failure, the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively to the body. This can cause a backup of blood into the left atrium and then into the pulmonary veins and lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. As a result, the signs and symptoms will primarily include:
Dyspnea (shortness of breath), particularly on exertion (DOE) or when lying down (orthopnea, PND)Pulmonary edema, which can manifest as crackles or wheezing in the lungs. Fatigue and muscle weakness due to reduced cardiac output to the body.
Right-Sided Heart Failure In right-sided heart failure, the right ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively to the lungs. This causes a backup of blood into the right atrium and then into the systemic veins, leading to systemic congestion. Signs and symptoms may include:
Peripheral edema, especially in the lower extremities. Jugular venous distention (JVD) due to increased pressure in the venous system. Abdominal distension (ascites) caused by fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. While dyspnea can occur, it's typically less prominent than in left-sided failure
During deep inspiration, the upper rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction and the lower rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction.
the upper rib cage expands more in an anterior direction and the lower rib cage expands more in a lateral direction
describe the pathway of the musculocutaneous nerve
From spinal levels C5, C6, and C7 - originates from the lateral cord, pierces the coracobrachialis muscle, It runs in the anterior compartment of the arm, travels deep to the biceps brachii muscle, innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm, terminates as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
What are the three layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord, and what is their function?
The dura mater is a thick outer layer that surrounds the central nervous system.
The arachnoid is a delicate membrane loosely attached to the dura mater.
The pia mater is tightly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
The meninges cover and protect the brain and spinal cord, while also regulating the extracellular space
What are some common risk factors for developing Arteriosclerosis Obliterans?
Common risk factors for Arteriosclerosis Obliterans include:
Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Metabolic disturbances, Smoking, Obesity, Advanced age
difference between systolic and dystolic dysfunction
Diastolic dysfunction, also known as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is when the heart can pump effectively, but it cannot relax to allow the ventricles to fill properl
When rotating to the RIGHT, what happens to the ribs on the right side (think anteriorly/posteriorly, convex/concave)
become more convex posteriorly and less convex anteriorly
what is the pathway of the inguinal canal and what structures pass through it in males and females
passes through the deep ring, located deep to the abdominal wall, travels under the transversus abdominus (TA) and internal abdominal oblique (IAO) muscles, continues to the superficial ring, which is an opening through the external abdominal oblique (EAO) muscle
Female anatomy: the round ligament passes through the inguinal canal
Male anatomy: the spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal
Clinical significance: Inguinal hernias are a common surgical problem in this area
What are the key differences between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) injuries?
Upper motor neuron injuries occur in the brain or motor tracts, while lower motor neuron injuries occur in the nuclei or peripheral nerves.
UMN injuries typically result in paresis or paralysis, hypertonia, slow disuse atrophy, and hyperreflexia (including clasp-knife, clonus, and Babinski sign), as well as a loss of fractionation of movement
LMN injuries typically result in paresis or paralysis, hypotonia, rapid neurogenic atrophy, and hyporeflexia, and may also show fasciculations, fibrillations on EMG, and muscle cramps
What are the primary characteristics and symptoms of Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Scarring and thickening of lung tissues, as well as the destruction of the alveolar architecture - results in impaired gas exchange
It is a chronic inflammatory disease that is thought to be caused by long-term exposure to toxins or pollutants like silica dust or asbestos fibers, though it may also be associated with conditions such as RA, Sarcoidosis or Sjogren’s Syndrome
scarring is generally irreversible, medications may help to slow the damage. Normal pulmonary function may never be regained
The symptoms associated with IPF include:
Progressive exertional dyspnea (shortness of breath with exertion)3 that can progress to shortness of breath at rest, An unproductive, dry cough, Rapid, shallow breaths (tachypnea), Increased work of breathing and use of accessory muscles, Digital clubbing, Cyanosis, Fatigue
Heart failure (HF) is not a disease itself, but a combination of clinical manifestations that occur when the heart is unable to supply enough blood. This can happen due what conditions?
decreased cardiac output, limited contractile force, hypertrophy or dilatation of the heart, and fluid backup.
The etiology of HF includes coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTN), valve disease, and cardiomyopathy. Heart failure can be considered the end stage of cardiac disease
If an individual suffers a finger injury, you can differentiate injury of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) by resisting finger flexion. Which phalangeal joint would show most dysfunction to incriminate the FDS?
Greater dysfunction with proximal interphalangeal (PIP) flexion than distal interphalangeal (DIP) flexion would incriminate the FDS