Upper Respiratory
The purpose of the conchae or turbinates.
The purpose of the conchae is to moisten & warm the air coming into the nose. Dust sticks to the mucus, which is then swallowed.
The left lung has how many lobes?
2
Normal respiratory rate for an adult.
12-20 breaths per minute
Air exchange happens where?
In the alveoli.
Where in the brain are the 2 interconnected inspiratory & expiratory centers?
This is another name for the throat.
Pharynx
Describe the bronchial tree (give at least 3 points).
Bronchial branch off the trachea and proceed to have branches that go to the lobes. These are supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage. Right bronchus is slightly wider than the left making it the most likely place for aspirated particles to go.
On expiration, what do the intercostal muscles do?
They relax, pulling the ribs downward.
Describe air exchange in the alveoli.
O2 crosses the alveoli membrane from the alveoli into the capillary attaching to a red blood cell. CO2 crosses the alveoli membrane from the capillary red blood cell into the alveoli.
DAILY DOUBLE!!
Demonstrate what to do if someone is choking and cannot talk. What is this called
Abdominal thrusts or Heimlich maneuver.
What does the laryngopharynx connect to?
The esophagus.
Where is the tongue-like projection in the respiratory system and what is its name?
It is located in the left lung around the lower part of the heart. It is called the lingula .
When the pressure in the lungs drops lower than atmospheric pressure, what occurs?
When the pressure in the lungs drops lower than atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs because air naturally moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, causing inhalation (inspiration) to occur; this is the basic mechanism of breathing.
Where does the O2 go after it is attached to the red blood cell?
It is taken to the tissues where it goes through cellular respiration to make energy for the cell.
What chemical response happens when you hold your breath?
CO2 is not expelled through breathing and the CO2 level in the blood rises. When CO2 rises to a certain level, the respiratory centers override your voluntary action, and breathing resumes.
If someone is not breathing, call 911 and start CPR compressions.
What is the job of the epiglottis? What is it made of?
It closes over the top of the larynx during swallowing to direct food and liquids into the esophagus. It is made of cartilage.
How does mucus move from the lower bronchial tree toward the pharynx to be swallowed or expelled?
It moves by millions of hair-like cilia that line the respiratory mucosa.
On inspiration, what does the diaphragm do?
The diaphragm contracts, flattens, and drops downward enlarging the thoracic cavity.
DAILY DOUBLE!!
What is the primary regulator of respiration?
CO2
Because C02 easily crosses the blood-brain barrier
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the primary driver of respiration because the body's chemoreceptors are highly sensitive to changes in its blood levels, primarily signaling the brain to increase breathing rate and depth when CO2 levels rise, effectively maintaining proper blood pH balance; this mechanism is more crucial than the response to oxygen levels
What is one of the purposes of fluid in the pleural space?
To lubricate the pleural surfaces to allow them to glide painlessly during lung expansion and contraction.
These air-filled spaces drain mucus into the nasal cavity.
Sinuses
In the lungs, it is estimated to be 300 million of these.
Alveoli
When are accessory muscles used and name 2.
They are used in times of forced or labored breathing.
Sternocleidomastoids and pectoralis minor
Is breathing voluntary or automatic?
Both, the cerebral cortex allows you to voluntarily change your breathing rate or rhythm, such as to sing or blow out a candle.
Describe lung microbiota.
Healthy lungs contain a complex, microbial ecosystem consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.