Layers of the computer
This is the physical layer of the system, consisting of the computer’s physical components such as the CPU, memory (RAM), storage devices (e.g., hard drives, SSDs), input/output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, screen), and networking hardware.
Hardware Layer
This can occur at various levels, from hardware design to software development, and it is crucial for making systems more efficient, scalable, and user-friendly.
Abstraction
Father of Modern Computing
Allen Turing
Base 2
Binary
167824
10100001001001000
low-level software stored in hardware, typically in non-volatile memory like ROM or flash memory. Examples include BIOS/UEFI in personal computers.
Firmware Layer
2400 BC One of the earliest tools for computation was used by ancient civilizations such as the Chinese, Greeks, and Romans for arithmetic calculations.
Abacus
invented a mechanical calculator in 1642 that was able to add and subtract
Blaise Pascal
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Base 10
221
11011101
A software layer that manages the hardware resources and provides services for application programs. Examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
Operating System Layer
Sound waves that are continuous and more often natural
Analog
In 1673, he built the Step Reckoner, which could perform multiplication and division, furthering the development of mechanical computation.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1A3F
Hexadecimal or Base 16
75
1001011
all the software that helps in managing and supporting the computer hardware and the applications. Apart from the operating system, this layer includes utilities, device drivers, and system management tools.
System Software Layer
No data is lost during compression.
Lossless
Often referred to as the "father of the computer," in 1873, He designed the Analytical Engine. This mechanical device had many features of modern computers, such as the ability to store data, perform calculations, and follow programmed instructions.
Charles Babbage
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Octal or Base 8
11000111
199
The programs that perform specific tasks or solve particular problems for the user. Examples include word processors, web browsers, games, and email clients.
Application Software Layer
compression process used for Audio and video files such as JPEG and MP4
Lossy Compression
Who is often referred to as “the enchantress of numbers,” was a British socialite who became one of the world’s first computer programmers.
Ada Lovelace
the highest digit is 4
Base 5
11111111
255