Push and Pull
What is one economic reason that drives migrants to leave their home countries for the Gulf?
Lack of job opportunities in the home country
What term describes systemic conditions that make migrants vulnerable to exploitation?
Structural violence
What are two common abuses that result from the kafala system?
passport confiscation and wage withholding
What is a common promise made by recruiters that often turns out to be false?
higher wages, better job opportunities
Despite harsh working conditions, why do many migrant workers continue to see the Gulf as an attractive destination?
The promise of higher wages compared to their home countries
What is one way Gulf governments maintain structured ignorance about migrant exploitation?
Weak labor regulations, lack of enforcement of labor laws
Why is it difficult for migrants to leave or switch jobs under the kafala system?
the requirement for employer permission to transfer jobs or exit the country
Why do recruitment agencies engage in deception?
Profit from fees and lack of regulation, or just lack of information
What role do remittances play in sustaining the migration cycle?
Families are reliant on money sent back home
Why is structural violence a useful concept for understanding labor migration?
it explains long term systemic exploitation that goes beyond physical abuse
How have international organizations responded to the kafala system?
criticism from human rights groups and calls for reform
How does the recruitment process contribute to migrant debt?
Taking out loans or borrowing money from others to pay fees