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Vertebral Column
100

The different sections of the spine and the total number of vertebrae typically in each section

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused) & coccyx (4 fused)

200

The general features/structure of a non-fused vertebrae

A typical vertebrae contains a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. The inferior and superior aspect of the body is lined with hyaline cartilage and the body itself contains red marrow. The vertebral arch connects to the posterior aspect of the body via bilateral pedicles creating a vertebral foramen for the spinal cord to travel though. The arches typically have spinous, transverse and articular processes coming from them, the size and shape of which is dependant on the type of vertebrae.

300

General features of a typical vertebral joint

Vertebrae are joined by a secondary cartilaginous joint. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces with intervertebral disc separating them. These discs contain annulus fibrosus (fibrous tissue) surrounding nucleus pulposus (soft gelatinous).

400

Ligaments of the vertebral column

Longitudinal - anterior (thick) & posterior (weaker) to prevent hyperextension/flexion


Ligamentum flavum - between vertebral arch lamina

Inter/supraspinous - between spinous processes

Intertransverse - between transverse processes

Ligamentum nuchae - cervical only (C7 to occipital bone), preventing hyperflexion of neck

500

The pathology of an intervertebral disc prolapse (what it is, what causes it and effects on nerves)

Nucleus pulposus of vertebrae ruptures out of its enclosed space, through the annulus fibrosus into the spinal canal or vertebral foramen. This can cause direct pressure on nerves/spinal cord or chemical irritation of nerve roots, causing inflammation of nerves. Usually caused by sudden extensive pressure to vertebral joints (falling on bottom or lifting heavy objects). Can also be due to a weakening of the annulus fibrosus from repetitive minor injuries.