Increase
If respiratory is increased
Patient waking up
Where can you place pulse oximeter?
Tongue, ear, toenail(interdigital area), lip(outer edge), paw pads
What to do if low HR
Increase oxygen rate
Use pulse oximeter to monitor SpO2, if SpO2 low give 100% oxygen
Ventilate
Give atropine
Butorpahnol(opioid) effect
CNS depression
Analgesia
V/D followed by constipation
Respiratory depression at high doses
Neurolepthanalgesia
What are signs of transient excitation from propofol
Padding
Muscle twitching
Nystagmus
Right extension of neck and forelimb muscles
If HR increase
Patient experiencing pain
Common anticholinergics?
Atropine and glycopyrrolate
What to do if low BP
Decrease depth of anesthesia
Increase fluid rate
Give dopamine(vasocompresor)
Consider reversals
How can an opioid be reversed
Naloxone
What effects do halogenated gases have on CNS and cardiovascular system
Depress CNS(unconsciousness and analgesia)
Depress cardio vascular system->hypotension and reduced cardiac output
How to treat prolonged capillary refill time?
Check animal pulse and BP
If no BP, manual palpate if not palpable mean systolic below 60mmHg
More than 2 sec show that show that BP is inadequate to perfuse peripheral tissues->Hypotension(deep anesthesia, blood loss, heart disease arrhythmia)
Anticholinergic effects?
Prevent abnormally low HR
Prevent excessive salivation and respiratory secretion
Can decrease GI motility
Can cause mydriasis, dry ocular surface
Can cause bronchodialtion
What causes bradycardia?
Anesthetic drugs
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Deep anesthesia
Vagal stimulation
Hypothermia
Midazolam (Benzodiazepines)
CNS depression
Produce unreliable sedation if used alone
Anticonvulsant
Muscle relaant
Short duration of action
In surgical anesthesia stage III, plane 2
What respiratory pattern should we see
Respiratory pattern decreases as depth of anesthesia increases
Thoracic abdominal movement
Excessive anesthetic depth may be cause by
Anesthetic overdose
Pre existing disease such as shock or anemia
Hypothermia
Which is more potent iso or sevo
Isoflurane, it has a lower MAC value. This means that isoflurane requires a lower concentration to achieve the same level of anesthesia, making it more effective at lower doses compared to sevoflurane.
What causes SpO2 to decrease?
Hypoventilation
Hypoxia
Airway obstruction
Hypotention
Hypothermia
What can you reverse benzodiazepines with
Flumazenil
What are normal vital signs
Dog 60-150(usually 90-120) concern if under 80
Cats 120-180(usually 130-150) concern if under 100
BP normal systolic 110-160
diastolic 50-70
MAP 60-90
Should maintain above 80/40, above 60 for MAP
RR 8-20(usually 12-20, concern if under 6)
SPO2 above 95
ETCO2, 35-55, less than 60
Temp 97-100
Animals that are too deeply anesthetized
A respiratory rate 6 breaths/min
Pale cyanotic mucus membrane
Bradycardia
Weak pulse
Hypotension
Which has a higher blood gas parturition? What effect does blood gas parturition have on the speed of induction, recovery or change in depth
Sevoflurane has a lower blood-gas partition coefficient compared to isoflurane . Iso has a higher.
Because sevoflurane is less soluble in blood, it leads to faster induction, faster recovery, and quicker changes in depth of anesthesia compared to isoflurane. Sevoflurane’s lower solubility allows it to more rapidly adjust its concentration in the brain, meaning it reaches anesthetic levels faster and clears more quickly when anesthesia is discontinued.
How to treat hypotension
Reduced anesthetic depth
Use of anesthetic drugs cause vasodilation to be minimize such as propofol, and inhalant anesthetics
Pain control
Crystalloid
Give dopamine if HR is low, if HR is normal but low BP give dopamine
Propofol used for indiction or a sole agent in short anesthetic procedures
CNS depression
Respiratory depression
Cardiovascular depression
Moderate muscle relaxation
Poor analgesia
What reflexes should be absent
Palpebral, swallowing, laryngeal, pedal