Aerobic Respiration
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy.
What is anaerobic respiration?
This type of respiration occurs in animals and plants when oxygen is unavailable, producing less ATP.
Give 2 examples of how to prevent the spread of diseases
good hygiene
hygienic food preparation
proper waste disposal
treatment of sewage
vaccination.
What is the difference between inspired and expired air?
Inspired air is the air you breathe in, and expired air is the air you breathe out.
What is a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cells that produce antibodies.
What is ATP?
This is the primary energy molecule produced during aerobic respiration.
What is lactic acid?
In humans, anaerobic respiration produces this substance, which can lead to muscle fatigue.
What is the difference between a pathogen and a virus?
A pathogen is a living thing that causes disease. A virus is a pathogen, but other types of pathogens exist.
Does expired or inspired air have a higher water vapor level?
Compared to inspired air, expired air contains more water vapor
What is active immunity?
Active immunity involves the body’s immune system and the interaction of antibodies with antigens. It is a defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body.
What is the mitochondrion?
This is the site within the cell where aerobic respiration occurs and most ATP is produced.
Name 3 differences in anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while anaerobic does not
During aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced. During anaerobic respiration, lactic acid, ethanol, and ATP are created.
Aerobic releases more ATP than anaerobic
Give an example of a mechanical barrier and how it prevents bacteria from entering the body.
The skin acts as a physical barrier that prevents harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, from entering the body. It does this by providing a tough, waterproof outer layer.
Name 3 reasons why the alveoli are efficient for gas exchange.
The walls are thin
It has a good blood supply
It has a large surface area
Why do some vaccines require booster shots, and how do they help maintain immunity against certain diseases?
Some memory cells produced after vaccination do not last a lifetime and gradually decrease over time. Booster shots reintroduce the antigen to stimulate the immune system, ensuring memory cells remain active and capable of mounting a rapid secondary immune response when exposed to the pathogen.
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What is alcoholic fermentation?
In the absence of oxygen, this type of anaerobic respiration occurs in yeast cells and produces two byproducts: ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What are the differences between an antibody and an antigen
Antibodies attach to antigens and cause agglutination of pathogens.
During an experiment investigating the differences between inspired and expired air, a chemical test is used to detect changes in gas composition. Name the chemical used, describe the color change it undergoes, and explain why the results differ between inhaled and exhaled air.
Lime Water is used as the chemical test, turning from clear and colorless to milky white when carbon dioxide is present. Expired air contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than inspired air, causing the limewater to show a visible reaction.
Memory cells play a crucial role in immunity. Describe how they function after an initial infection and explain why they are important in preventing future illness.
Memory cells are a type of white blood cell that "remember" pathogens after an initial infection. When the body encounters the same pathogen again, memory cells quickly recognize it and trigger a faster immune response. This helps the body fight off the infection more efficiently, often preventing illness or making it much less severe. Memory cells are crucial for long-term immunity, ensuring that the body can respond rapidly to infections it has encountered before.
What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + (ATP)
How does anaerobic respiration differ in animals and yeast cells?
Glucose is only partially broken down into lactic acid in animals or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast.
What is the name of this defense mechanism?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1z27OreElotXcQF8VqSTaK0zNBUlwrxoN2n9fbm8pOdY/edit?tab=t.0
Phagocytosis
The body increases its breathing rate and depth during physical activity. What is the main reason for this response, and how does the brain detect the need for this change?
The body's cells respire more during physical activity, to provide the energy needed by the muscles. This increased rate of respiration produces more carbon dioxide as a waste product. The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by the brain. It triggers the body to respond by increasing the rate and depth of breathing to expel the carbon dioxide from the body. These changes also increase the amount of oxygen obtained, needed for aerobic respiration to continue.
Memory cells play a crucial role in immunity. Describe how they function after an initial infection and explain why they are important in preventing future illness.
Memory cells remain in the bloodstream after the initial infection and can quickly recognize the same pathogen if it enters the body again. They rapidly produce antibodies in large quantities, leading to a faster and stronger immune response that destroys the pathogen before symptoms develop, preventing illness.