Cell Biology
This process breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
Cellular Respiration
This principle of natural selection is illustrated when a sunflower produces hundreds of seeds, but only a few survive due to limited resources.
Overproduction
Mendel's law stating that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
These are animals whose embryological development occurs externally.
Oviparous
In an energy pyramid, this percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next.
10%
During cell division, this complex structure forms at the centromere and attaches chromosomes to the spindle fibers.
Kinetochore
These structures, like the wings of an ostrich, no longer serve their original function but remain present in modern species.
Vestigial structures
A cross between heterozygotes for one gene typically results in this phenotypic ratio.
3:1
This stage is formed when a zygote undergoes cleavage producing 16 to 31 cells.
Morula
These organisms play a crucial role in ecosystems by breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients back into the environment.
Decomposers
This process results in a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis
In a small population of red and gray owls, a random storm kills many individuals. By chance, most of the surviving owls happen to be red, and over generations, red becomes the dominant color, even though it doesn’t offer a survival advantage. This is an example of which mechanism of evolution?
Genetic drift
If p = 0.7 and q = 0.3, what is the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals?
0.09
The waste disposal and gas exchange structure formed during avian embryological development.
Allantois
Bees pollinating flowers while collecting nectar exemplify this type of symbiotic relationship, where both species benefit.
Mutualism
Gram-positive bacteria stain purple due to this component in their cell walls.
Thick peptidoglycan layer
If a population of water snakes shows no change in allele frequency over time, this principle suggests the population is not evolving.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A woman with blood type A (genotype AO) and a man with blood type B (genotype BO) have a child. What are the possible blood types of their children, and what is the probability for each?
A (25%), B (25%), AB (25%), and O (25%)
These cells are activated by Follicle Stimulating Hormones that facilitates spermatogenesis.
Sertoli cells
If all herbivores in an ecosystem were to disappear, this would likely happen to plant populations and carnivore numbers.
Plant populations increasing and carnivore numbers decreasing?
This gene transfer method allows horizontal DNA transfer in prokaryotes via a pilus.
Conjugation
In a population, 1 in 10,000 individuals is affected by an autosomal recessive disorder. Assuming H-W equilibrium, what percentage of individuals are carriers?
1.98%
In a dihybrid cross involving two traits that exhibit incomplete dominance (RrYy x RrYy), how many phenotypic combinations are expected, and what are their ratios?
9 phenotypes: 3 (RR, Rr, rr) × 3 (YY, Yy, yy)
This is the starting point of gastrulation where the formation of the notochord happens in avian embryo.
Hensen’s node
This term describes the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.