Graphing Guru
What are the steps for making a graph, in order?
1. Label Axes & Units
2. Scale the Graph
3. Graph all averages (pts)
4. Add all error bars
What is the difference between an independent & dependent variable?
Dependent -- what you measure. Independent -- what you are changing
Compare the communities -- which has greatest Species richness? Species evenness? Diversity?
1. 300 deer, 200 trees, 1000 grass plants
2. 30 deer, 10000 grass plants
3. 300 deer, 200 trees, 1000 grass plants, 200 shrubs
4. 300 deer, 300 trees
Richness -- number of species present
Evenness -- equal numbers of each species
Diversity -- Richness + Evenness
If the birth rate is 2000 dogs per year, and the death rate is 1200 dogs per year, how much will the population change every year?
Assuming unlimited food & space...would we expect this population to grow with exponential or logistic growth?
+800 dogs
Exponential
What is the equation for scaling a graph?
(Max Data + Error Bar) Divided by # of boxes...round UP
What is a negative control vs. a positive control? Give an example
An experimental group in which there should be a known, ZERO result. --> Negative control
An experimental group in which there should be EXPECTED/KNOWN results --> Positive control
No light for leaves = no photosynthesis occurs vs. white light = should do max photosynthesis
River plants --> Minnows --> Small Herring --> Pike --> Humans
Humans -- biomagnification
Name 3 typical characteristics of invasive species
No natural predators, reproduce quickly, broad diet, outcompete native species
If there are error bars on the graph, there is definitely a ___________________________ question.
Explain how you could solve that question.
Significant Difference question.
Error Bars overlap = no significant difference
Let's say we are comparing how many people go out to eat on each day of the week. Write the null hypothesis, using our formula :)
There will be no significant difference in numbers of people eating out based on different days of the week.
Niche partitioning -- organisms occupy separate roles in the ecosystem to avoid competition (feeding or nesting in different locations, specializing diet)
Commensalism -- one organism is benefitted by symbiotic behavior, while one isn't affected (whales & barnacles, birds following cattle)
Explain 2 main chemical elements of fertilizers that can damage bodies of water.
Name the results of fertilizer runoff into streams.
Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Eutrophication -- algae blooms --> dies & decomposes --> decomposing bacteria uses all oxygen in water--> fish die
To investigate how increases in environmental temperatures affect the metabolism of certain organisms, researchers incubated liver cells from toads at different temperatures and measured two markers of metabolic activity: the rate of oxygen consumption and the rate of ATP synthesis.
What should go on the x & y axes?
X: different temps
Y: rate of oxygen consumption & rate of ATP synthesis (key?)
Scientists measured the survival rate of sand lance embryos allowed to mature in a laboratory at three different temperatures - 5, 7, and 10 degrees Celsius - and the level of CO2 at 400, 1000, and 2100 microatm for each temperature.
State a null hypothesis for the experiment.
There will no significant difference in survival rate of sand lance embryos based on temperature or CO2 level.
An tuna fish has 6000 offspring per year, and it does not take care of any of them. Which type of organism is that?
R Selected Species
In a study of energy flow, the following info was collected:
An acre of soybeans produces 200,000 grams of protein per year.
A cow grazing on one acre of land produces 19,000 grams of protein per year. Based on this -- an acre of land would support 10 humans per year on a soy diet OR 0.9 humans per year on a beef diet. Explain the difference.
Only 10% of energy on each level of the trophic pyramid moves up to the next level, so humans receive less energy eating higher level consumers than producers. (90% of energy is lost of heat or used for growth/repair)
To investigate whether elevated levels of CO2 have a similar effect on the number of mitochondria in plant cells, the scientists selected 6 species to quantify the number of mitochondria per cell when the plants were exposed to both normal and elevated levels of CO2
What should go on the x & y axes? Should this be a bar or a line graph?
X -- Species & Normal/Elevated CO2 (key)
Y -- Number of Mitochondria
Bar
A group of students compare their exam grades based on hours spent studying.
Describe a possible control group.
Explain the purpose of the control group.
0 hours spent studying
The control group provides a comparison to prove if hours spent studying is really affecting the test score or not.
Explain how the endotherm stays warm.
Ectotherm -- external heat required (lizard)
Endotherm -- produces its own heat by letting the Electron Transport Chain "leak" H+ ions back into the matrix instead of going through ATP synthase
If the carrying population of a city is 3000 and the population is experiencing logistic growth...what is the max growth rate if the population grows from 2900 to 2915 in one year?
K = 3000
N = 2900
15 = r (2900) ((3000 - 2900)/3000)
r = 0.115 **should be a decimal :)**