Learning
An element of operant conditioning, this refers to the removal of something unpleasant
What is negative reinforcement?
A type of long-term memory of a specific event
What is an episodic memory?
A conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two desirable outcomes
What is an approach-approach conflict?
The understanding that objects continue to exist when we cannot see them
What is object permanence?
According to Freud, the part of the personality propelled by the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
What is the id?
In classical conditioning, this occurs when an organism stops a response because the reinforcer ceases
What is extinction?
The phenomenon in which learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
What is retroactive interference?
An automatic behavior performed in response to specific stimuli
What is an instinct?
A chemical or agent that can cause harm to an unborn child if ingested or contracted by the mother
What is a teratogen?
Often identifiable from birth, a person's emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the world
What is temperament?
A type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
A memory trick that aids in encoding information for easier recall, like "Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally"
What is a mnemonic device?
The part of the hypothalamus involved in hunger motivation that when stimulated causes an animal to eat
What is the lateral hypothalamus?
A type of parent that sets strict standards for their children's behavior and apply punishments for violations of these rules
What is an authoritarian parent?
One of several methods , like rationalization, used by the ego to help protect the conscuious mind
What is a defense mechanism?
An element of operant conditioning, this refers to the removal of something pleasant
What is negative punishment?
The tendency to remember the items at the end of a list
What is the recency effect?
The theory of emotion that suggests that the biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
The ability to trace our thought processes and evaluate the effectiveness of how we solved a problem
What is metacognition?
For a specific characteristic, the percentage of variation between people that can be attributed to genetic factors
What is heritability?
Studied by Edward Tolman, this type of learning remains hidden and becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
What is latent learning?
Another name for working memory, these are memories we are currently working with and are aware of in our consciousness; if we do nothing with them they usually fade in 10 to 30 seconds
What is short-term memory?
A reward we get for accomplishments outside ourselves, like a grade or a salary
What is an extrinsic motivator?
The incorporation of experiences into existing schemata
What is assimilation?
According to Carl Rogers, this blanket acceptance of a person is needed in order to move toward self-actualization
What is unconditional positive regard?