GI
What is twisting of the stomach/intestine along the longitudinal axis called
torsion
What are the 5 medium half life enzymes
ALT
LDH
GGT
C-ALP
L-ALP
What occurs when hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation exceeds the rate of lipoprotein release?
hepatic lipidosis
A foal suddenly became lethargic, anorexic w/ abdominal discomfort. It is later found dead 24-48 hours later. What is the cause?
tyzzer's disease
You see mildly increased liver enzymes and SUPER HIGH levels of bile acids and ammonia in a miniature poodle. What is the most likely cause
portosystemic shunt
A dog comes into the clinic w/ vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. You do a physical exam and feel a sausage shaped mass. The ultrasound shows a target shape. What is most likely the cause?
Intussusception
Cat has elevated liver ALP, what are the 2 possible causes?
Primary liver disease and hyperthyroidism
What type of infection will you see intralesional tachyzoites and bradyzoites
protozoa infection (toxoplasmosis and neosprosis)
A dog comes into a clinic with blue eyes, and you do histopathologic evaluation and see large basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions. What is the most likely cause
infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus-1)
What are the liver specific enzymes
SDH
GDH
An animal comes in for GDV, surgery is performed to derotate the stomach. 5 hours later the surgery site is inflamed and bleeding out. What is a possible reason?
Release of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
What two enzyme will NOT be increased due to improper sample handling
ALP and GGT
(b/c they are inducible)
What hepatotoxic agent is both toxic AND carcinogenic
mycotoxin
Decreased trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)
Increased Folate
Decreased Cobalmin
What is the most likely cause? AND Explain why there is a decrease in cobalamin
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
(decreased cobalamin b/c lack of HCO3 secretion so, R protein is still stuck on cobalamin and can't be absorbed)
In what healthy animal might you see bilirubinuria?
Dog and ruminants
(b/c they have lower renal threshold)
Why would an animal with GDV lead to organ hypoxia? (give me the steps)
Twisting of stomach -> less venous return to heart -> less CO -> organ receives less blood, thus its not receiving oxygen
You do a blood test on a puppy and you see elevated ALP. What is the possible reason?
Due to increased (B-ALP) -normal in growing puppy
sheep is deficient in cobalt -> cobalt needed to make vitamin B12 -> vitamin B12 needed for RBC maturation -> anemia
What does a high level of trypsin-like immunoreactivity most likely indicate?
pancreatitis
(if you suspect an animal with pancreatitis, what is the BEST test to choose?)
What liver values can we use to indicate if a puppy or calf is receiving colostrum?
GGT
A horse is sweating, rolling, and kicking at abdomen. No reflex on nasogastric intubation. Minimal response to pain relief. No borboygami in all 4 quadrant. What is the most likely cause?
Large intestine strangulating colic
What are the 5 causes of hepatic hyperbilirubinemia (explain each)
fasting/anorexia (fatty acid compete with bilirubin for reuptake in liver)
Functional cholestatis (sepsis)
Obstructional cholestasis
Delta bilirubin (bound to albumin -> can’t be excreted in kidney)
Decreased functional mass (liver loses ability to reuptake)
Explain the life cycle of taenie spp.
(intermediate and definitive host)
larvae stage -> in liver of herbivore
adult tapeworm -> in intestine of carnivores
A cattle is put into a feedlot and fed a large amount of concentrates, what can you expect to see on the liver and why?
liver abscess
Concentrate is high in carbs -> broken down faster in rumen -> more VFA made -> lowers rumen pH -> ruminal acidosis -> bacteria form in rumen -> bacteria travel to liver via portal vein -> abscess forms
What liver enzyme is evaluated with hepocellular injury
What liver enzyme is evaluated with cholestasis
Which four values are affected by a decrease in hepatic functional mass?
ALT and AST
ALP and GGT
Urea, cholesterol, glucose, albumin