Short Term Memory
What is an example of control processes in memory?
What two effects explain the U shape of the serial position curve?
The primacy effect and the recency effect
According to the "levels of processing" theory of memory, which encoding strategy will result in the worst and which one in the best recollection of information?
Shallow processing - Deep processing
Focusing on the shape of words - Thinking about the survival value OR relating info to yourself
The accuracy is the same, but we are more confident on the details of flashbulb memories
What is the preferred mode of encoding information in working memory?
Auditory - we default to the phonological loop when possible
What is the "magic number" according to Miller?
7 plus or minus 2
Why do you remember things better when you "change subjects" while studying?
Release from proactive interference
If your exam will be in a quiet environment, you should study in a quiet environment. This effect is called _____
Encoding specificity
What are two recommendations that cognitive psychology can make to the justice system regarding lineups?
-Tell witnesses that the perp may not be in the lineup
-Use fillers that are similar to the perp
-Use a "blind" lineup administrator
-Use yes/no identification (no simultaneous lineup)
-Have witnesses rate their confidence immediately
-Use the "Cognitive Interview" technique
What was the main problem with H.M.'s memory?
He was unable to encode new information into long term memory
What is one difference between Short Term Memory and Working Memory?
-Working memory has separate components
-Working memory involves active processing of information, it's not a passive storage
Procedural
It's not a good idea to use someone else's study guides because of the ______ effect
Generation
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm (DRM) illustrates _______
-The creation of false memories
-The nature of memories as a reconstruction, rather than a picture of the past
What is the default mode of encoding in long term memory?
Semantic - we remember the contents, not so much the form
What are the 3 main components of Working Memory?
The phonological loop
The visuospatial sketchpad
The central executive
Why is classical conditioning considered a type of implicit memory?
-You cannot acquire it simply by talking about it.
If you have a boyfriend/girlfriend while studying for finals and you're happy, you should not break up on study day. This is because of the _________ effect.
State-Dependent Learning
According to the study conducted by Cahill et al. (2003), what is the effect of stress hormones such as cortisol on memory?
It has no effect on neutral memories, but enhances memory for emotional memories
The memory palace or method of loci
The experiment performed by Vogel and colleagues in 2005 provides evidence that the advantage provided by higher working memory capacity is related to a greater ability to ______
Ignore irrelevant information
Are autobiographical memories episodic or semantic memories?
A combination of both
According to the "multiple trace model", when is the hippocampus involved regarding consolidation?
The hippocampus is active during initial stages of consolidation AND remains in active communication with the cortical areas for recent AND remote memories
What is the "cognitive" explanation for the reminiscence bump?
Encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability
What is the misinformation effect?
Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later