Forgetting
What is the term for the gradual fading of a memory trace over time?
Decay.
What is the term for the mental process of solving problems and making decisions?
Thinking.
What type of memory lasts only a few seconds and involves immediate sensory input?
Sensory memory.
What is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory?
Encoding.
What is the process of bringing information out of memory storage?
Retrieval.
What type of interference occurs when older memories interfere with new learning?
Proactive interference.
What is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a problem called?
Algorithm.
What is the term for consciously storing and recalling facts or events?
Explicit memory.
What is the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory called?
Rehearsal.
What is the ability to identify previously learned information, such as in multiple-choice tests?
Recognition.
What type of forgetting happens when newer information disrupts the recall of older information?
Retroactive interference.
What mental shortcut helps to quickly solve problems but does not guarantee accuracy?
Heuristic.
What is a type of long-term memory that involves skills and habits?
Implicit memory.
What term describes organizing information into smaller units or chunks to enhance memory?
Chunking.
What is the process of retrieving information without cues, such as in essay questions?
Recall.
Explain one reason why we forget information that was once stored in long-term memory.
Answers may include decay, interference, or retrieval failure.
Compare and contrast divergent and convergent thinking.
Divergent thinking involves generating many solutions, while convergent thinking focuses on finding one correct answer.
Explain the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of capacity and duration.
Short-term memory has limited capacity (7±2 items) and short duration, while long-term memory has a potentially unlimited capacity and long duration.
Describe one effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory.
Strategies may include elaborative rehearsal, mnemonics, or making information personally meaningful.
Explain how the Information Processing Model describes the steps involved in memory retrieval.
The model describes encoding, storage, and retrieval as the three main steps in memory processing.