Introductory Block 1
Name the physiological process that involves the inteplay of sensory receptors, control centres, effectors and respective responses to maintain equilibrium in the internal environment.
Homeostasis.
Name an enzyme that is part of DNA replication.
Topoisomerase; helicase; primase; DNA Polymerase I, II, or III; ligase.
Identify the fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Name the hormone responsible for producing feelings of hunger.
Ghrelin.
Lower limb: What is the main action of the anterior leg (not thigh) compartment?
Dorsiflexion of foot (pointing foot upwards)
Warfarin antagonises which vitamin?
Vitamin K
Identify the proteins that comprise tight junctions.
Claudin and occludin
Identify the name of the enzyme that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
Hexokinase
Identify an antibody implicated in Type I Diabetes Mellitus (abbreviations not allowed!)
Islet Cell Autoantibodies (ICA)
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
Insuline autoantibodies (IAA)
Upper Limb: (I don't have a jeopardylabs membership :( so I can't do images; sorry!)
Identify two bones found in the upper limb, including the shoulder girdle.
Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones - don't have to know in Year 1 - (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium), metacarpals, proximal phalanges, distal phalanges, sesamoid bones of the first digit
Identify the enzyme that causes a common myeloid progenitor cell to differentiate into a proerythroblast.
Erythropoietin
(Interleukin-3 works synergistically with this enzyme)
In skeletal muscle, where is calcium stored?
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Identify the main pathological cause of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Insulin resistance due to chronically elevated blood glucose levels.
List three of the five criteria required to meet metabolic syndrome.
Hyperglycaemia (>5.5 mmol/L)
Hyperlipidaemia (>1.7 mmol/L)
Low HDL (<1.0M | <1.3F in mmol/L)
Hypertension (130/85+)
Skin anatomy: Identify the epidermal cell layer filld with keratohyaline granules which waterproofs skin and prevents leakage of nutrients
Stratum granulosum
During oogenesis, when does the primary oocyte undergo meiosis I?
During ovulation
State the type of skin cancer that is characterised by p53 mutations, and phenotypically presents with hyperkeratotic plaques on sun-exposed sites.
Squamous cell carcinoma.
Patients with phenylketonuria are deficient in which amino acid?
What are the three ketones?
Acetoacetate, Beta-hydroxybutarate, acetone
Identify the nerve that supplies most of the anterior forearm.
Median nerve (90% of innervation)
The rest = ulnar nerve
During the resting state in the baroreflex, which centre is normally inhibited, and which centre inhibits it?
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM); it is inhibited by the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).
Name the four sub-types of acute inflammation. Of the four, identify which one involves neutrophil accumulation with immune and tissue debris.
Fibrinous
Ulcerative
Serous
Supparative
Identify the order of metabolic intermediates through the Krebs cycle.
Citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate.
Identify three proteogenic amino acids that can originate from glutamate.
Arginine
Glutamine
Proline
Lower limb: Identify the name of the artery found at the back of the knee.
Popliteal artery