Present Perfect Progressive
What ___________________________ (you/do) for the last 30 minutes?
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
Use has/have been + present participle to describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing.
English ______________ (speak) all over the world.
English is spoken all over the world.
In the passive voice, use be (in correct tense) + past participle. Since the sentence is in present simple, we use is spoken.
If May ____________ rich, she ________ (help) all people around her.
If May were rich, she would help all people around her.
The second conditional expresses unreal or hypothetical situations. The structure is:
If + past simple, would + base verb.
Note: Use "were" with all subjects, even "I".
She’s not answering the phone. She ___ (be) busy.
She might be busy.
Use might/may/could + base verb to express a present possibility (not certain, just likely).
She has been to working at the company for five years.
She has been working at the company for five years.
In present perfect progressive, use has/have been + verb-ing. The verb “been to” is incorrect here. "To" is unnecessary — it's only used when talking about visiting places (e.g., She has been to France).
The mice ____________________ (watch) cartoons all day long.
The children have been watching cartoons all day long.
"Mice" is plural, so we use have been, not "has been." Present perfect progressive emphasizes duration or repetition of an action.
My uncle ___________________ (take) to the hospital last nigh.
My uncle was taken to the hospital last nigh.
For past simple passive, use was/were + past participle.
They _________ (get) better grades, if they _______(study) harder.
They would get better grades if they studied harder.
Simple past-Main Clause.
This describes a hypothetical present — something not true now, but possible in a different reality.
He ___ (not be) home yet. The lights are off.
He can’t be home yet. / He must not be home yet.
Use can’t/must not + base verb to show present impossibility or strong negative deduction.
The homework was wrote by the student.
The homework was written by the student.
Passive voice requires the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of “write” is “written”, not “wrote” (which is the simple past).
I'll buy a new computer. I ____________ (use) this one ___________ 2019.
I'll buy a new computer. I have been using this one since 2019.
Use "since" with a specific point in time.
The final project ___________________ (finish) before June 16th. It is mandatory.
The final project must be finished before June 16th.
With modals, passive form is modal + be + past participle. Here, "must be finished" indicates obligation in the future.
Decide if this sentence uses first or second conditional and explain:
If I had wings, I would fly all over the world.
It’s the second conditional.
The second conditional is used for imaginary or impossible situations (e.g., humans can’t have wings).
First conditional is used for real future possibilities, while the second is for unreal or unlikely ones.
The floor is wet. It ___ (rain) earlier.
It must have rained earlier.
Use must have + past participle to express a strong guess about a past event.
If I will see her, I would tell her the truth.
If I saw her, I would tell her the truth.
In the second conditional, the "if" clause uses past simple, and the result clause uses “would + base verb”. Never use "will" in the "if" part of second conditional.
They started playing tennis two hours ago. They're still playing now.
____________________________________________
They have been playing tennis for two hours.
Present perfect progressive can express a recent activity with visible results in the present.
Use "for" with a period of time (e.g., "two hours")
Change to passive- Create 2 sentences:
The teacher gave the students extra homework.
a.______________________________________
b.______________________________________
a) Extra homework was given to the students.
b) The students were given extra homework.
Some sentences with two objects can have two correct passive versions — one starting with the direct object, the other with the indirect object.
Create a question:
What/ if/ the teacher / give/ a point
What would you do if the teacher gave a point?
She definitely got home before midnight. (Must)
__________________________________________
She must have gotten home before midnight.
Modal + have + past participle.
He must went home early last night.
He must have gone home early last night.
To express past probability, use modal + have + past participle. So it should be “must have gone,” not “must went.”
She ________________(know) the answers all along.
She has known the answer all along.
Some verbs like (know, believe, love, want, hear, understand, hate) are non-continuous stative verbs and are not used in progressive forms.
Change to passive:
She sleeps peacefully every night.
________________________________________.
The verb "sleeps" is intransitive — it doesn’t act on an object.
There is no receiver of the action, so there’s nothing to “flip” into the subject of a passive sentence.
✅ Passive voice requires:
Subject + be (in correct tense) + past participle + (by agent, optional)
But with intransitive verbs like sleep, arrive, go, exist, die, etc., this structure is not possible.
Condition: You come over here- Result: I could help.
If you came over here, I could help you;
It’s possible that the treasure is at the bottom of the lake. But it is also possible that it was hidden in another place.
The treasure could be at the bottom of the lake, but it could have been hidden in another place.
They may to be at the store right now.
They may be at the store right now.
Modals like may, might, must, can are followed by the base form of the verb, not “to + verb.” Remove “to.”