Agents & Transmission
This disease-causing organism includes bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and is assessed by traits like infectivity and antigenicity.
What is an agent (or pathogen)?
This type of risk factor includes behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity, which can be changed to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases.
What are modifiable behavioral risk factors?
Strategy to stop disease spread includes cleaning the environment, killing germs with heat or chemicals, and making people stronger against infection through vaccines.
What are methods to control spreading communicable diseases?
#1 cause of death
What is cardiovascular disease?
This refers to external factors in disease spread, including reservoirs like animals, water, and asymptomatic human carriers.
What is the environment?
Inherited traits passed down from parents that increase the likelihood of developing certain diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, are classified as this kind of risk factor.
What are non-modifiable genetic risk factors?
This __________ prevention method involves identifying and testing people who have been exposed to tuberculosis to catch the disease early and prevent its spread.
What is secondary prevention?
nutrition, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol use.
What are modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable disease?
This term refers to how a pathogen moves from its reservoir to a host—through water, air, vectors, fomites, or direct contact.
What is the mode of transmission?
Exposure to polluted air, unsafe water, or toxic chemicals that increase risk for both infectious and chronic diseases fall under this category of risk factors.
What are environmental risk factors?
HIV screening and early treatment
What is secondary prevention?
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
What are notifiable STI infections?
This part of the immune system is inborn, always present, and acts as the first line of defense using cells like neutrophils and chemicals like lysozyme.
What is the innate immune system?
Infections like HIV or tuberculosis are examples of diseases influenced primarily by this type of risk factor, which relates to pathogen exposure and transmission.
What are communicable risk factors?
Promoting a balanced diet and regular physical activity to prevent the onset of insulin resistance and diabetes in at-risk populations.
What is primary prevention for type 2 diabetes?
After tracking this disease activity for almost 40 years, this respiratory disease activity peaks in February.
What is influenza (flu)?
This term describes the presence of microorganisms on a body surface without causing disease, but it can still lead to transmission and hospital-acquired infections.
What is colonization?
Age and family history are examples of these risk factors because individuals cannot change them, yet they influence disease susceptibility.
What are non-modifiable risk factors?
Regular cholesterol screenings and stress tests to identify early signs of heart disease in asymptomatic individuals.
What is secondary prevention for heart disease?
Before COVID-19, this disease was the leading cause of death by infectious disease globally.
What is tuberculosis (TB)?