Biology
What tissue can be used to extract DNA from mice? (name at least 1)
ear, tail, toe
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What are 2 common model organisms used in science?
mice, fruit fly (Drosophila), worms (C. elegans), Arabidopsis, cell lines, zebrafish, rats, monkeys
What are the 2 types of T-cells?
cytotoxic and helper (CD8 and CD4)
paternity testing, forensics, genotyping, cloning, gene expression/mutation analysis
A pH of 11-12 is considered
basic
What is the process by which RNA is made from DNA?
Transcription
What is the name of the cells in the brain that transmit electrical signals?
neurons
What is an antigen?
-A foreign substance, often a protein or carbohydrate, that is found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria and viruses
-Self cells display self antigens
-Non-self cells display foreign antigens → Immune response
This phase of drug metabolism involves conjugation reactions that make drugs more water-soluble for excretion.
phase II drug metabolism
Using the red cabbage indicator, a very acidic solution would turn what color?
bright pink
What are the 3 steps during PCR?
Denaturation, annealing, extension
What makes neurons different from other cell types in the brain?
permanently post-mitotic
What is the difference between innate versus adaptive immunity?
Innate: Fast (minutes to hours) and Non-specific
Adaptive: Recognize antigen specific to the pathogen, Need help from innate cells to see pathogen-related proteins, Slow (days), Build immunologic memory to respond faster if you see the threat again.
(Need at least 1 per category)
This factor affects how well a drug can move from the bloodstream into tissues, especially those with higher perfusion like the brain or kidneys.
blood flow
(Bonus answer: Capillary permeability)
What is the name of the key enzyme that replicates the DNA in the PCR reaction?
DNA Polymerase
What step in the strawberry DNA extraction protocol was the DNA extracted?
alcohol precipitation
What are dendrites?
receiving parts of neuron, highly branched
Name 1 cell from adaptive and 1 cell from innate immune system
innate: Dendritic, macrophage, neutrophil, mast cell, basophil, NK
adaptive: B cell, T cell
What are three factors that affect the bioavailability of drugs?
size, first-pass metabolism, and solubility
(Other factors include stability)
What 4 things do you need for a PCR reaction?
Template, dNTPs, Polymerase, primers
What are the four bases in RNA and DNA?
DNA-A/T/G/C
RNA-A/U/G/C
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Some nerves are wrapped in ____ and between these segments are the __________ which allows electrical impulses to travel more quickly.
Myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
Name 3 ways of disease transmission
aerosol, droplet, fomite, physical contact, transfusion, enteric, vector, vertical
Phase I metabolism functions through ____ , which adds oxygen to these chemical features of a drug molecule
CYP450, double bonds, and some ring structures