Clinical Boxes
This region is a common injection site due to the thick muscles allowing for substantial volume of absorption by intramuscular veins.
What is the gluteal region?
- AKA intragluteal injections
- Safe area of injection
The functional asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres is known by this term.
What is hemispheric lateralization?
- Left: reasoning, numerical, scientific, language
- Right: artistic awareness, pattern recognition, facial expressions, emotional expression of language
The clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint, the scapula at the acromiocalvicualr joint, and has a tubercle known by this name.
What is the conoid tubercle?
- Attachment site for conoid ligament, medial part of coracoclavicular ligament (other end = coracoid process of scapula).
These three brain structures make up the diencephalon.
What is the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?
- Thalamus: controls/edits info entering cortex, afferent nerve fibers
- Hypothalamus: sleep/arousal, pain transmission, thirst/hunger, body temp
- Epithalamus: sleep/wake cycle
This main muscle, along with the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles, flex the elbow.
What is the biceps brachii?
- The triceps brachii and anconeus extend the elbow
When a femoral neck fracture is described as sub capital, it means it has occurred within this area on the femoral neck.
What is immediately below the femoral head?
- Femoral neck most common place for fracture, weakest part + vulnerable with age
- 3 types: subcapital, transcervical (across the mid-femoral neck), basicervical (across the base of the femoral neck)
In both the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex, this area of the body has a disproportionate amount of cortical area dedicated to it (multiple choices, I'll accept any).
What are hands, face, tongue, lips?
- Represents importance of speech, manual dexterity, and facial expression to human existence
The scapula has spinous process on its posterior aspect that creates these two fossae (one superiorly and one inferiorly).
What are the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa?
This brain structure directly connects the hypothalamus to the limbic system (receives signals from the hippocampus).
What are the mammillary bodies?
- Involved in memory regulation and behavior
The anterior thigh muscles the iliopsoas and sartorius flex the thigh at the hip, whereas this other group of anterior thigh muscles extends the leg at the knee.
What is the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
- Consists of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
- rectus femoris tendon vs. quadriceps tendon
Broca's aphasia results from damage to the left hemisphere of the brain which causes the person to suffer from this complication.
What is not being able to speak fluently?
Association areas (complex mental functions):
- Broca's area = produce language, anterolateral frontal lobe
- Wernicke's area = understand language, superolateral temporal lobe
The precentral gyrus is located on the frontal lobe (anterior to the central sulcus), and is the location of this cortex, 1 of 3 "areas" recognized in the cerebral cortex.
What is the primary motor cortex?
- Responsible for VOLUNTARY planning of movement (OPPOSITE SIDES OF BODY)
- Other 2 areas are the primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus on parietal lobe, first to receive/process sensory info) and the surrounding association areas (integration of different types of info)
This pit is located on the head of the femur and is an attachment point for the ligamentum teres.
What is the fovea capitis?
- Ligament has blood vessels and provides nutrients
- Proximal end: Head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter,
- Distal end: medial/lateral epicondyle, medial/lateral condyle, intercondylar fossa, patella
This gland makes up the bulk of the posterosuperior aspect of the epithalamus.
What is the pineal gland?
- Secretes melatonin, hormone involved in sleep/wake cycle
The muscles of the thigh are compartmentalized into these three compartments, separated by fascia lata (AKA deep fascia of thigh).
What are anterior, medial, and posterior compartments?
- LEG is anterior, LATERAL, and posterior
- anterior = flex thigh or extend knee
- medial = adduct thigh
- posterior = extends, abducts, rotates thigh or flexes leg at knee
Temporal arteritis (aka giant cell arteritis or Horton's arteritis) is an autoimmune disorder that causes this disease process of the head, neck, and arm arteries.
What is inflammation?
- Arteries are inflamed (swollen) and constricted
- Symptoms: headache, jaw pain, vision loss, fever, fatigue
- Dx + tx: biopsy of superficial arteries, steroids
This type of cerebral white matter fiber provides connection ONLY within a single hemisphere.
What are association fibers or external capsule?
- Cerebral white matter = 3 types:
- Commissural fibers (corpus callosum): connect L/R hemispheres
- Projection fibers (internal capsule): connect cerebral cortex w/ areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord
- Association fibers (external capsule)
The proximal end of the ulna contains the trochlea notch, olecranon, and this process that articulates with a similar named fossa on the humerus.
What is the coronoid process?
- Distal end: ulnar styloid process
- Radius proximal end: head, neck, radial tuberosity
- Radius distal end: radial styloid process (LATERAL BOUNDARY OF WRIST)
The inferior aspect of the hypothalamus makes up the majority of the tissue within the posterior portion of this endocrine gland.
What is the pituitary gland?
- Posterior portion AKA neurohypophysis ("nervous tissue"), releases ADH and oxytocin. Linked to inferior hypothalamus by infundibulum.
- Hormone production in hypothalamus -> travels down neurons through infundibulum -> stored in posterior pituitary until action potential signals their release
The rotator cuff is made up of 4 muscles total (SITS): Teres minor, subscapularis, and these two other muscles (hint: think of the fossae of the scapula).
What are supraspinatus and infraspinatus?
- Hold held of humerus into glenoid cavity during movement of glenohumeral joint
- Work with PECTORALIS MAJOR, DELTOID, latissimus dorsi (lats), TERES MAJOR (inferior to teres minor), and coracobrachialis to move the humerus
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is a chronic irreversible condition due to a thiamine deficiency that causes necrosis of this brain structure.
What are the mammillary bodies (boobies)?
- Chronic alcoholics, malnutrition
- S/S: Impaired memory, vision changes, ataxia
The gustatory cortex is an area on the parietal lobe within the lateral fissure that is responsible for the information processing of this special sense.
What is taste?
- Vestibular areas: equilibrium and position, parietal and temporal lobes
- Olfactory cortex: smell, superior temporal lobe
The intertubercular sulcus is a groove that allows for the passage of the biceps brachii tendon along this bone.
What is the humerus?
- Proximal end: Head, anatomical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, surgical neck, deltoid tubercle
- Distal end: medial/lateral epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa
The anterior portion of the pituitary, also known as this term, has the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system that is regulated by the hypothalamus to release hormones into general circulation.
What is adenohypophysis?
- Hypothalamus releases hormones -> 1st capillary plexus of median eminence (infundibulum) -> portal veins -> 2nd capillary plexus of AP ->AP hormone secretion
- Anterior pituitary releases FLAT PEG: follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormones, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone.
- FLAT = tropic hormones, stimulate release of hormones from other endocrine glands
The triceps surae muscle group is responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. The group is made up of the soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris muscles that come together to form this tendon.
What is the calcaneal/Achilles tendon?