Nervous System
Afferent neurons carry information ________ the CNS ________ the body’s sensory organs.
to, from
When the volume of the lungs INCREASES, it causes the pressure inside the lungs (alveolar pressure) to ____________.
decrease
What subglottal pressure is required to blow the folds open for speech?
3-5 cm H2O
What is the primary muscle for elevating the velum?
levator veli palatini
What part of the ear is involved in Otitis Media?
middle ear
What types of fibers communicate from one hemisphere of the brain to the other?
Commissural
Which dimension of the thorax increases when the diaphragm contracts?
vertical
The arytenoids sit on top of the posterior portion of the _______________.
cricoid cartilage
Name two mobile articulators and two immobile articulators.
Mobile: tongue (largest articulator), mandible (second largest articulator), velum or soft palate, lips, cheeks, pharynx, larynx and hyoid bone
Immobile: alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth
Where on the cochlea responds to high versus low frequencies?
Base: stiff → responds to high frequencies
Apex: flexible → responds to low frequencies
What are two roles of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?
Bathes and nourishes the central nervous system (CNS)
Cushions neural tissues
What is the main difference between quiet versus forced expiration?
Quiet breathing: passive (muscles of inspiration simply relax)
Forced breathing: active (muscles of expiration help to decrease volume of thorax even more)
The space between the vocal folds is the ____________.
glottis
What is the role of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and what phase of swallowing is it involved in?
The UES regulates the passage of the bolus from the pharynx into the esophagus. It serves as a barrier that prevents air from entering the esophagus during breathing and protects against the aspiration of food or liquid into the airway. During swallowing (specifically, the pharyngeal phase), the UES relaxes to allow the bolus to pass into the esophagus, and it then contracts again to prevent reflux.
The tympanic membrane aids in converting ____________ energy into __________ energy.
Acoustic, mechanical
Compare and contrast the comprehension and expressive language skills of Broca's and Wernicke's, aphasia.
Broca's aphasia: relatively intact comprehension, choppy expressive language (know what they want to say but can't say it)
Wernicke's aphasia: impaired comprehension, relatively intact expressive language (fluent speech but does not make much sense)
Name two muscles of inspiration and two muscles of expiration.
Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals (only cartilage part), levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, trapezius, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor
Expiration: internal intercostals, innermost intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcostals, serratus posterior inferior, latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus, quadratus lumborum
What is the Bernoulli effect and what is it relevant for in speech?
As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. The Bernoulli Effect in speech describes how increased airflow velocity through the glottis causes a drop in pressure, drawing the vocal folds back together to create the vibrations needed for phonation.
Name the 4 stages of deglutition, and indicate whether each is "voluntary" or "involuntary" (1/2 pt for name, 1/2 pt for whether it is voluntary or involuntary).
1. Oral preparatory stage (voluntary)
2. Oral transport/propulsive stage (voluntary)
3. Pharyngeal swallow stage (involuntary)
4. Esophageal swallow stage (involuntary)
In the process of hearing, sound waves enter the external ear and are directed to tympanic membrane. The air molecules under pressure cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, which then causes ___________.
the malleus to move
Name five of the seven cranial nerves involved in speech and what their sensory and motor roles are.
Trigeminal: sensory for eyes, nose, face and meninges; motor for muscles of mastication and tongue
Facial: sensory for tongue (taste); motor for muscles of the face (expression, tear glands, salivation)
Vestibulocochlear: sensory for hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal: sensory for tongue, pharynx, soft palate; motor for pharynx and stylopharyngeus
Vagus: sensory for viscera (stomach, kidneys, liver, lungs, heart); motor for larynx
Accessory: motor to pharynx, larynx, soft palate and neck (helpful in holding head up)
Hypoglossal: motor to strap muscles of the neck, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (important for articulation, resonance, and swallowing)
The lungs are housed within the ______________.
Thorax
Bringing the vocal folds together at the same time airflow reaches them is called a ___________.
simultaneous attack
What muscle compresses the cheek?
buccinator
Name the three ways the middle ear performs impedance matching (and amount of gain each provides).
1. Area ratio: pressure can be increased by decreasing area over which force is distributed, area ratio between tympanic membrane (55 mm2) and oval window (3.2mm2) provides 25 dB gain
2. Lever action: length and positioning of ossicular chain creates lever that provides 2 dB gain
3. Buckling effect: tympanic membrane buckles > boost sound by making ear's bones move with more force > helping you hear sounds more clearly, provides 4 dB gain