Imperialism
What does the term imperialism mean?
The policy of extending a country’s control or authority over foreign territory, often through colonisation or conquest.
What is a “push factor” in migration?
Famine, War, Poverty
What does Terra Nullius mean?
Land belonging to no one
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Great Britain.
What date did Australia Federate?
1st January 1901
Name one economic reason why Europeans pursued imperialism.
To gather natural resources such as gold and oil
What caused the Irish Potato Famine?
A potato blight (mould) that destroyed crops.
Who was Bennelong, and why was he significant?
An Aboriginal man who acted as an intermediary between Governor Phillip and Indigenous people; the first Aboriginal man to travel to Europe and return.
Name one invention from the Industrial Revolution.
Spinning Jenny, Steam Engine, Power Loom
How many colonies joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australia?
Six colonies: NSW, QLD, VIC, SA, TAS and WA
What phrase described the belief that Europeans had a duty to “civilise” other people?
The White Mans Burden
How many enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic during the slave trade?
Around 10–12 million Africans.
Name one impact of European settlement on Aboriginal peoples.
Loss of land, spread of disease, violence and massacres, cultural disruption.
What type of work were children often forced into during this period?
Factory labour, mines, chimney sweeping, textile work.
What was the main aim of the White Australia Policy?
To restrict non-European immigration and maintain a “white” society
By 1900 what percentage of Africa was controlled by European powers
90%
The journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean in cramped, unhygienic ships.
The Middle Passage
What happened at the Myall Creek Massacre in 1838?
A group of settlers and convicts killed 28 Wirrayaraay people, including women and children, then burned the bodies.
What does Egalitarianism mean?
The belief that all people are equal and deserve equal opportunity.
Treated poorly, forced to pay taxes, viewed as lesser than.
Explain one technological advantage that allowed Europeans to conquer other nations.
Advanced weapons (Guns) and steam powered ships
Why were enslaved Africans considered so valuable in the transatlantic trade system?
Because they were a source of cheap, forced labour used on plantations and for trade.
Why was the Myall Creek Massacre so significant?
It was the first time white settlers were tried and found guilty of crimes against Indigenous people, and subsequently punished.
Describe one difference between living conditions in urban vs. rural Australia around Federation.
Urban areas were overcrowded, unhygienic, and disease-ridden; rural areas had more space but harsher, isolated living conditions.
Why was Federation appealing to business owners, politicians, and workers at the time?
Business owners wanted free trade; politicians wanted a strong, united government; workers wanted better protections and wages.