Neurology of Speech
The combined processes of speech motor planning, programming, control, and execution
Motor speech processes
Characterized by abnormalities in strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements needed for the breathing, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, or prosodic aspects of speech production.
Dystharthria
Musculoskeletal defects include: __________, cleft lip and palate, fractures, abnormal variants of cavity size and shape.
The nervous system, neurons, supporting glial cells, nerves and tracts, neurotransmitters, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and the Circle of Willis
Components of the motor system
Lower motor neurons (LMN) are also known as the
Final Common Pathway (FCP)
The neural and neuromuscular transmission and subsequent muscle contractions and movements of
speech structures
Neuromuscular execution
Motor speech disorder caused by a disturbance in motor planning, or programming of sequential movement for volitional speech production.
Apraxia of Speech
What are the three normal variations in speech production?
Age related changes in speech, gender, and variations in style
Brain and spinal cord and cranial and spinal nerves
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Point where axons of lower motor neurons make synaptic connections with muscle cells
Neuromuscular junction
The combination of thoughts, feelings, and emotions generate an intent to communicate verbally is organized and converted into a code that abides by the rules of language
Cognitive-linguistic processes
Developmental counterpart of acquired apraxia of speech
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
Structural issues like vocal nodules, polyps, laryngitis, and Reinke's edema; Functional issues such as muscle tension dysphonia, vocal fatigue, ventricular phonation, and functional dysphonia are examples of what type of disorder?
Non-neurological voice disorders
Three types of neurons
Motor, sensory, and internuncial
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. They do not play a direct role in speech except for
The phrenic nerve
The selection, sequencing, and regulation of sensorimotor “programs” that activate speech muscles
at appropriate times, durations, and intensities. Organizes an intended verbal message for
neuromuscular execution
Motor speech planning, programming, and control
Name 3 symptoms of motor speech disorders
Difficulty producing certain sounds, Slurred or distorted speech, Slow or labored speech, Inconsistent speech errors, Difficulty controlling the volume or pitch of their voice, or Problems with articulation
Deficits include, but may not be limited to, acquired neurogenic stuttering ,__________, echolalia,
_________, aprosodia associated with right hemisphere dysfunction, and some
forms of __________.
1. Palilalia
2. Foreign accent syndrome
3. Mutism
Bundles of axons found in the CNS and bundles of axons found in the PNS
Tracts and nerves
The four major functional divisions of the speech motor systems include:
1. The final common pathway
2. The direct activation pathway
3. The indirect activation pathway
4. The control circuits
Combines to execute speech motor programs by innervating breathing, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory muscles
Central and peripheral nervous system activity
Dystharthria can be caused by various neurological conditions including... (Name 3 for points)
Stroke, Cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Brain tumors, and Nerve injuries.
Dystharthria is present in _______ of those with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
One-third
Two important neurotransmitters in the motor system
Acetylcholine and dopamine
Name the six cranial nerves that make up the upper motor neurons:
Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Spinal Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII)