Propofol
The most common unpleasant side effect of propofol when injected into small hand veins.
What is pain on injection?
Etomidate is especially useful for induction in patients with unstable function of this organ system.
What is the cardiovascular system?
The most commonly used benzodiazepine in the perioperative period.
What is midazolam?
Propofol, etomidate, and benzodiazepines all enhance signaling at this type of receptor.
What is the GABAA receptor?
This IV drug is commonly used for sedation during endoscopy procedures.
What is propofol?
Propofol is formulated in an emulsion of soybean oil, glycerol, and this egg-derived emulsifier.
What is egg lecithin?
The most common excitatory motor side effect of etomidate.
What is myoclonus?
This specific drug can reverse benzodiazepine effects.
What is flumazenil?
Propofol potentiates this neurotransmitter receptor in addition to GABAA, contributing to hypnosis
What is the glycine receptor?
This preservative, sometimes in generic propofol, may provoke bronchoconstriction in asthmatics.
What is metabisulfite?
Propofol decreases this neurologic metabolic demand, along with cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure.
What is CMRO₂ (cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen)?
Etomidate inhibits this enzyme in steroid synthesis, leading to adrenocortical suppression.
What is 11-β-hydroxylase?
Compared with their sedative effects, benzodiazepines have a longer duration of this cognitive effect.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Benzodiazepines increase chloride channel opening probability, while barbiturates and propofol primarily prolong this property.
What is channel open duration?
Etomidate is often avoided for long-term use due to suppression of this hormone system.
What is the adrenocortical system?
Subhypnotic doses of propofol are uniquely effective in preventing and treating this common postoperative complication.
What is nausea and vomiting?
Etomidate is unique in that its anesthetic potency resides in only one of its stereoisomers.
What is the R(+) isomer?
The water solubility of midazolam at acidic pH is due to this unique ring structure.
What is the imidazole ring?
Etomidate’s stereoselectivity strongly supports its action at this receptor system.
What is the GABAA receptor?
Flumazenil is effective for the reversal of this drug class.
What are benzodiazepines?
Prolonged, high-dose infusions of propofol can lead to this potentially fatal syndrome characterized by metabolic acidosis and cardiac failure.
What is propofol infusion syndrome?
Etomidate is metabolized mainly by hydrolysis of this functional group.
What is the ester side chain (ethyl ester)?
The principal active metabolite of midazolam.
What is 1-hydroxymidazolam?
Benzodiazepines interact at the interface of these two subunits on the GABAA receptor.
What are the α and γ subunits?
Pain on injection is most common with this IV sedative, though reduced with lipid emulsion formulation.
What is propofol (also etomidate in older propylene glycol formulation)?