Sleep & Arousal
Newborns spend ~50% of their sleep in this stage, supporting restoration of neural growth.
What is REM sleep?
The manipulated factor in an experiment.
What is the independent variable?
The two main divisions of the nervous system.
What are the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?
The researcher who created the Strange Situation experiment.
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
Behaviour is considered normal if it helps a person function independently — this approach.
What is the functional approach to normality?
This brain structure controls circadian rhythms via light cues.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
A variable that might unintentionally affect results if not controlled.
What is an extraneous variable?
The part of the neuron that carries messages away from the soma.
What is the axon?
The aim of the Strange Situation.
What is to investigate attachment between infants and caregivers?
The model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
The continuum of awareness places this state just below focused attention but above sleep.
What is daydreaming?
A design type that uses naturally occurring groups rather than random assignment.
What is a quasi-experimental design?
The Stroop task demonstrates conflict between these two types of processes.
What are automatic and controlled processes?
One behaviour observed to classify attachment type in the Strange Situation.
What is an example of stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, or reunion behaviour?
This effect occurs when improvement happens because a person believes they are receiving treatment, even if they are not.
What is the placebo effect?
The theory of sleep that explains it as a way to conserve energy and avoid predators.
What is the evolutionary/adaptive theory of sleep?
The meaning of p < 0.05 in terms of data analysis.
What is a statistically significant result with less than a 5% chance due to random error?
Craik et al. (1996) showed memory is poorer when this happens during encoding.
What is divided attention during encoding?
Ainsworth identified these three main attachment styles.
What are secure, avoidant, and resistant/ambivalent attachment?
This theory suggests that people possess different, independent abilities such as musical, linguistic, and bodily–kinaesthetic.
What is multiple intelligences theory?
Three effects of extended sleep deprivation on cognition and behaviour.
What are impaired memory, reduced attention, and mood disturbances?
One example of data that is continuous and one that is discrete.
What is an example of continuous data (time, IQ score) and discrete data (number of errors, gender)?
Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks achievable with guidance but not independently.
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
One limitation of the Strange Situation in terms of validity.
What is a lack of cross-cultural validity?
This finding from Bouchard’s twin study concluded that intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environment, with a strong genetic component.
What is that intelligence has a strong genetic component but environment also plays a role?