Kidney in Trouble
What are the KDIGO criteria of AKI?
a) an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) to ≥1.5 times the baseline, or b) an increase in SCr by ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours, or c) urine volume <0.5 mL/kg/h for at least 6 hours.
What is the Timeframe of acute liver failure
up to 26 weeks
What is the normal level of Na
135-145 mmol/L
SPO2 target In COPD patient
88% to 92%
What is the cut off of Normal Blood pressure
<120/80 mmHg
3 complications of AKI?
Hypervolemia
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Uremia
3 Causes of elevation of AsT and ALT more than 1000?
DILI, Auto immune, Shock liver, Budd chiari sx, viral hepatitis
1 cause of hypertonic hyponatremia
Hyperglycemia
Mannitol use
Contrast use
5 method or devices used to administer oxygen?
nasal cannulas, simple face masks,
face tents, nonrebreather masks, Venturi
masks, high flow nasal cannulas, noninvasive
positive-pressure ventilation.
5 causes of secondary hypertension
CKD, RAS, Thyroid dysfunction, hyperaldosteronism, cushings syndrome, pheochromocytoma, COA, OSA, Substance, raised ICP, pre eclampsia.
4 Indication for Dialysis
Uremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypervolemia
Acidosis
Toxins
Complication of acute liver failure
Encephalopathy
Coagulopathy
Hypoglycaemia
Infection
4 parameters used to check volume status
BP, Pulse, JVP, skin turgor, edema, mucous membrane, lung auscultation, BUN, urine output.
What is the reason of using humidifier with oxygen?
Humidifier help prevent dryness and irritation by
adding moisture to the oxygen, improving
patient comfort, and protecting the airways
from potential injury.
5 Complication of Hypertension
MI, Stroke, Peripheral arterial disease, sub arachnoid hemorrhage, CKD, HTN Retinopathy, HF, Aortic dissection, Aortic aneurysm.
Types of AKI
Renal, pre renal, post renal
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy?
Lactulose
Rifaximin
What is the target correction rate for Na correction
6-8 mmol/24 hours
4 contraindication of use of NIPPV
Coma, Cardiac arrest, Respiratory arrest,GI bleeding - Intractable emesis and/or uncontrollable bleeding altered level of consciousness, status epilepticus.
Definition of Hypertensive emergency
BP>180/120, with End Organ Damage.
Treatment of HRS
Albumin, Octreotide and Midodrine
what are the stages of hepatic encephalopathy and symptoms of each stage.
Stage I – mild confusion, Stage II – disorientation + asterixis, Stage III – somnolence/stupor, Stage IV – coma.
2 Features of Osmotic Demyelination syndrome?
Quadriplegia, Diplopia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia
5 indication of Intubation
1.Inability to maintain/protect airway (e.g., GCS ≤ 8, coma, seizures, severe head injury)
2.Loss of gag or cough reflex
3.Risk of aspiration (massive hematemesis, GI bleed, vomiting with altered sensorium)
4.Persistent PaO₂ < 60 mmHg on high FiO₂ or noninvasive support
5.SpO₂ < 90% despite supplemental oxygen
6. PaCO₂ > 50 mmHg with acidosis (pH < 7.25)
7. Impending or established respiratory muscle fatigue
8.Severe work of breathing, tachypnea > 35/min
Blood pressure lowering goal of in Hypertensive emergency.
Lower BP 15-20% within 1-2 hours and 5% by next 23 hours.