Vocab
The definition of ploidy
the number of copies of chromosomes that an individual has
The difference in products between meiosis and mitosis
mitosis: two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell
meiosis: 1/2 the chromosomes, 4 gametes that are genetically different (crossing over)
A synapomorphy of Archaeplastida
-chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
-chloroplasts surrounded by two cell membranes, phagocytosis of cyanobacterium, photosynthesis
An endosymbiotic event
Endo, inside + sym, together + bio, life
Phagocytosis occured, but did not digest, and instead lived within
The order of Taxonomic classifications
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
The definitions of diplontic and haplontic
Diplontic – a life cycle dominated by the diploid state
Haplontic – a life cycle dominated by the haploid state
The definitions of sporophyte and gametophyte
Sporophyte – The diploid, multicellular phase of a life cycle that produces spores
Gametophyte – The haploid, multicellular phase of a life cycle that produces gametes
A unique trait found in Glaucophyta
Glaucophytes have chloroplasts
that are very similar cyanobacteria:
• Peptidoglycan layer
• Utilize chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
Phagocytosis meaning, and how it relates to the evolution of some organelles
Phagein, devour + cyt, cell,
Led to endosymbiotic events - mitochondria, (eukaryotes), and chloroplast
Three things that occur in Prophase (Mitosis)
1. Condense the duplicated DNA into chromatids
2. Orient spindle apparatus to start pulling the sister chromatids apart
3. Nuclear membrane starts to breakdown
The definition of triphasic life cycle
two diploid stages
The human lifecycle, in our vocab terms!
diplontic life cycle with undergo gametic meiosis
Reason algae appear as different colors
-differences in pigments used for photosynthesis Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin, Chlorophyll b
-different pigments use different parts of
Photosynthetically Active Radiation, or PAR, of visible light
The domain photosynthesis originated in
Bacteria: Cyanobacteria
The meaning of a "membrane bound" organelle
it also has a plasma membrane(s) of its own
Definition of heteromorphic, and Isomorphic
-diploid and haploid forms independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance
-diploid and haploid forms exist in organisms, but either is not capable of independent existence (must be largely haploid or largely diploid)
does not mitotically divide in non dominant ploidy
The definition of sporic meiosis, gametic meiosis, and zygotic meiosis
-sporic: meiosis produces haploid spores
-gametic:meiosis produces haploid gametes
-zygotic: Meiosis occurs in the zygote phase; the only diploid phase in the cycle is the zygotes
4 Apomorphies of Rhodophyta
-unflagellated
-pit connections
-floridean starch, granules in cytoplasm
-phycoerythrin
The specialized cells in cyanobacteria, and their functions
Akinete – a spore that can lie dormant & reactivate to regrow when favorable conditions occur
Heterocyte – a specialized cell that fixes nitrogen
The difference between binary fission and budding
Binary fission - genetic material is duplicated and the cell cleaves into two cells
Budding - simple cell division in which a small
outgrowth forms and breaks off once mature
The difference between Spore and Gamete
A spore will germinate and develop into a sporeling, while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete to form a zygote before developing further.
Advantages of alternations of generations
-adaptable reproduction! two generations, adapt to environments easier
-asexual reproduction possible
-and benefits of sexual reproduction - genetic diversity
Botanical lineages included in the Supergroup Archaeplastida
-several algal phyla and all land plants
-red algae, green algae, glaucophytes, all land plants
The major dates for the following events:
• Life on Earth
• First eukaryote
• Photosynthesis
• Chloroplast
-Earliest life emerged ~4.5 BYA, heterotrophic and anaerobic bacteria
-3.5 BYA photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria
-1.5 BYA A eukaryotic, unicellular organism
engulfed an oxygen-breathing bacterium: MITOCHONDRIA
-1 BYA A eukaryotic, unicellular organism with
mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium → CHLOROPLASTS
The difference between a spindle apparatus and phragmoplast
spindle apparatus: anaphase, break apart the sister chromatids & start pulling them & the organelles
toward the poles of the cell
phragmoplast: oriented perpendicular to the plane
of division, helps deposit new cell wall material from the Golgi apparatus to fully separate the cells into two