Module 5
What is the name for the alternative forms of a gene?
Alleles
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
Name the four main types of pathogens.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (plus prions)
Name one environmental factor that can lead to cancer.
UV radiation, smoking, asbestos
What molecule carries energy within a cell?
ATP
Why does meiosis produce haploid cells?
To ensure the chromosome number is halved for sexual reproduction
Name one natural cause of mutation.
UV radiation, ionising radiation, replication error
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a fungus in Australia?
Myrtle rust
What is the main purpose of epidemiological studies?
To identify patterns, causes and effects of disease in populations
Which kingdom do yeasts belong to?
Fungi
Describe one difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis makes identical cells; meiosis makes non-identical gametes
What is artificial insemination used for?
Introducing sperm into females to increase breeding efficiency
How do prions differ from viruses?
Prions are misfolded proteins with no nucleic acid
Name one technology used to assist people with kidney failure.Dialysis machine or kidney transplant
Dialysis machine or kidney transplant
What’s the name of the opening on a leaf that allows gas exchange?
Stomata
What is the purpose of crossing over?
It increases genetic variation by exchanging DNA between homologues
Describe one way CRISPR differs from older gene-editing methods.
It uses a guide RNA to target a specific DNA sequence for cutting
Describe one way pathogens can evade the immune system.
Antigenic variation, hiding inside host cells, forming biofilms
Describe how a cochlear implant works.
Describe how a cochlear implant works.
In humans, which organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Explain how linked genes can affect inheritance ratios.
They are inherited together unless separated by crossing over, altering expected ratios
Explain how SNP analysis assists in conservation of endangered species.
Reveals population structure and diversity to inform breeding programs
Explain how Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment disproved spontaneous generation.
Air could enter but microbes were trapped; broth stayed sterile unless contaminated
Explain how lifestyle changes can reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease.
Diet, exercise, quitting smoking reduce risk factors
Name one Australian endangered species where genetic technology is being used for conservation.
Northern Corroboree Frog, Tasmanian Devil, Orange-bellied Parrot, etc.