Population genectics
This principle states allele frequencies remain constant under ideal conditions.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?
A heritable trait that enhances survival and reproduction.
What is an adaptation?
Structures with similar anatomy but different functions.
What are homologous structures?
The movement of alleles between populations.
What is gene flow?
HIV is believed to have descended from this virus.
What is SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)?
Random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
What is genetic drift?
Speciation that occurs due to geographic separation
What is allopatric speciation?
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
What is systematics?
The process that increases favorable traits in a population.
What is natural selection?
The number of independent transmissions of SIV to humans.
What are multiple transmissions?
A drastic reduction in population size that reduces genetic variation.
What is the bottleneck effect?
Speciation without geographic isolation, often due to polyploidy.
What is sympatric speciation?
A diagram showing evolutionary relationships based on shared traits.
What is a cladogram?
The random change in DNA that introduces new alleles.
What is mutation?
This tool helps trace HIV’s evolutionary history.
What is phylogenetic analysis?
The ability of an individual to contribute to the next generation’s gene pool.
What is evolutionary fitness?
Evolution from a common ancestor resulting in different traits.
What is divergent evolution?
The principle that favors the simplest explanation with the fewest changes.
What is parsimony?
Mating that does not occur randomly within a population.
What is non-random mating?
HIV evolution supports this concept of common ancestry.
What is descent with modification?
The five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What are no mutation, no gene flow, random mating, large population, and no selection?
Evolution of similar traits in unrelated species.
What is convergent evolution?
The hypothesis that molecular evolution occurs at a constant rate.
What is the molecular clock hypothesis?
A small group starts a new population with limited genetic diversity.
What is the founder effect?
The study of HIV’s genetic changes over time helps track this.
What is viral evolution or transmission pathways?