1
what type of bone makes up most of the skull, sternum, scapula, etc?
Flat
these are shield-like plates that protect delicate organs
the most important bones in movement; serving as rigid levers acted upon by skeletal muscle
long bones
examples of short bones?
examples of irregular bones?
short: wrist/ankle
irregular: vertebrae
soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals
the bone disorder where the spine develops an exaggerated thoracic curvature, impairing one's mobility and independence
what makes up this matrix?
2/3
85% hydroxyapatite
10% CaCO3
F, Mg, Ca, Na, K
Too much of inorganic matrix = brittle bone
How many thirds make up the organic part of the bone matrix?
what things make up this matrix?
1/3
collagen, ground substance
not enough minerals/too much organic = flexible bones - > rickets in children + osteomalacia in adults
blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called ....?
nutrient foramina
acromegaly
thickening of the bones and soft tissues with noticeable effects on the hands, feet, face
what is the range for normocalcemia?
9.2-10.4 mg/dL
4.5 - 5.8 Meq/L
the region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity
metaphysis
a degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass, increasing susceptibility to spontaneous fractures, and sometimes deformity of the vertebrall column
osteoporosis
the process of breaking down bone "the acid to breakdown the minerals then enzymes to breakdown the collagen and ground substance"
osteolysis
A region of transition from cartilage to bone in interstitial growth. functions as a growth zone where the bones elongate
Epiphyseal plate
What are the 3 hormones involved in maintaining normal blood calcium concentration?
calcitriol
calcitonin
PTH
Name the mineral salt compound that makes up bone
hydroxyapaptite
name the protein that allows bone to have flexibility
collagen
When someone is deficient in the organic components of bone, the condition is called
osteogenesis inperfecta / brittle bone
where is hematopoietic tissue located?
red bone marrow
Why is it important that not all red marrow turn to yellow marrow in the adult?
yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood, and we need blood cells to be produced
although, in the event of severe anemia, it can transform back into red marrow and resume its hematopoietic function
range?
causes?
effects?
< 9.2 mg/dL
causes: pregnancy, lactation, diarrhea, decreased Vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism
effects:<6mg/dL, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm at <4mg/dL
Hypercalcemia
range?
causes?
effects?
>10.4 mg/dL
causes: hyperparathyroidism, overuse of antacids
effects: if >12 mg/dL, sluggish reflexes, slow HR, but strong contract of cardiac muscle
range of Ca2+ in blood?
4 factors of importance. what are they?
9.2 mg/dL - 10.4 mg/dL
exocytosis (bulk transport)
initiates muscle contraction
cofactor in blood clotting
influences the sensitivity of voltage- regulated gated channels
importance of phosphates
what does it combine easily with?
range of phosphates in blood?
2 important factors?
calcium = crystals
3.5 mg/dL to 4.0 mg/dL - not highly regulated because phosphate doesn't lead to any major dysfunction
synthesis of many molecules: nucleic acids DNA and RNA, ATP, phospholipids (cell membranes)
buffer in ICF phosphate can pick up 2 hydrogens
What happens when cartilage growth in zones 2 and 3 fail?
Zone 2: cell proliferation- chondrocytes wont multiply
zone 3: hypertrophy - chondrocytes wont enlarge
= no bone growth