Molecules
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is DNA?
The human genome contains approximately how many base pairs?
What is 3 billion base pairs?
This type of RNA is catalytic and contained in protein producing protein complexes
During DNA replication this enzyme repairs and 'glues' together nicks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA pieces
What is DNA Ligase?
This is the process most prokaryotes employ to transfer genetic materials between organisms and species
What is horizontal gene transfer?
What holds a DNA strand together?
Approximately 1.5% of the human genome encode for these units
What are genes?
This type of RNA codes for protein
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
This enzyme opens two stands of DNA during replication and moves along the replication forks to keep opening the two strands
What is Helicase?
In bacteria some mRNA molecules contain more than one gene and are known as this
What is polycicstronic?
The common bases found in DNA include 2 of each type of molecule
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Prokaryotic genes do not include these in the genome
What are introns?
This is a mechanism of translational control where RNA molecules conform to secondary structures in association with a bound ligand
What is a riboswitch?
This enzyme synthesizes new RNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction from a DNA template
What is RNA Polymerase?
The ribosome in prokaryotes is slightly different than that in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes the ribosome is designated as a 70S Ribosome, whereas in eukaryotes the ribosome is designated by this alphanumeric label
What is the 80S ribosome?
This is the term for structure of two DNA strands being held together by hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases
What is a double-helix?
What are phylogenetic trees?
mRNA is not fully processed and ready to leave the nucleus unless it has two modifications, the poly-A tail and this
What is the 5' methyl cap?
This enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction from a DNA template
What is DNA Polymerase?
Early experiments with bacteria performed by this man demonstrated that organisms could be 'transformed'
Who is Griffith?
DNA strands are always read in this direction
What is 5' to 3' direction?
The human genome is diploid and made up of segmented linear pieces of DNA arranged into these
What are chromosomes?
This type of RNA is necessary to shuttle amino acids to a growing peptide during synthesis
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
This enzyme used in DNA repair systems cuts out nucleotides from damaged DNA strands
What is an exonuclease?
Mutations can arise in DNA that are caused by UV radiation. The most common type of mutation to the DNA bases is called this
What is a thymine dimer?