Colonial Conquest & Land
This 1830 U.S. policy forcibly removed American Indians from their ancestral lands.
What is the Indian Removal Act?
African Americans and Chinese laborers in California were recruited for this type of major construction project.
What are railroads?
This racial ideology emerged in the U.S. and Britain, using evolutionary thinking to justify social hierarchies.
What is social Darwinism?
The cultural and labor-based practice allowing Latino communities to establish contested social spaces.
What is cultural citizenship?
The 1848 treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and promised protection of land rights for Mexicans in the Southwest.
What is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
This dual-wage system in California created unequal pay for Mexican and white workers.
What is the racially segregated wage system?
Term describing fears of economic and cultural threats posed by Asians in the U.S. in the late 19th–early 20th century.
What is Yellow Peril?
Founded in 1909, this organization fought racial segregation, protected Black voting rights, and enforced civil rights laws in the U.S. throughout the 20th century.
What is the NAACP?
After this war in 1898, Puerto Rico came under U.S. control, accelerating racialization of its population.
What is the Spanish-American War?
The Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA) was formed to resist exploitation in this sector.
What is agriculture/farm labor?
In Mexico, the concept of this erased African categories from the racial hierarchy during the Porfirio Díaz regime.
What is mestizaje?
Ratified in 1868, this amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved African Americans, and guaranteed equal protection under the law.
What is the 14th Amendment?
By the 1870s in California, less than 24% of this group still owned property due to Anglo encroachment.
Who are Mexican Americans?
After WWII, this program allowed Chicanos to access education, housing, and unions, partially “whitening” them.
What is the GI Bill?
By the 1920s, this process in Puerto Rico led to many statistically “disappearing” from Black categories in the census.
What is whitening / racial reclassification?
This movement in the 1960s–70s focused on Chicano empowerment, labor rights, and cultural identity.
What is the Chicano Movement?
Reservations, forced schooling, and cultural suppression were tools used against this group in the 19th century.
Who are American Indians?
This 1850 U.S. law required the return of escaped enslaved Africans to their “owners,” undermining Black freedom and property rights.
What is the Fugitive Slave Act?
The Supreme Court case of 1896 upheld the doctrine of “separate but equal,” solidifying racial segregation long after Reconstruction ended.
What is Plessy vs. Ferguson?
American Indian activism in the 1960s–70s to reclaim sovereignty and challenge federal policies was part of this movement.
What is Red Power?