Studying Life on Earth
Chemistry of Life
Organic compounds
Microscopy and Cells
Plant and Animal Cells
Organelles
100
A group of the same species that live in the same place at the same time.
Population
100
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter.
100
Molecules comprised of carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydrocarbons.
100
States:
all living things are composed of one or more cells
the cell is the basic unit of life
all new cells arise from existing cells
Cell Theory
100
DO NOT have Cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, or a large central vacuole.
Animal cells
100
Interconnected directly with the nuclear membrane.
Produces lipids and proteins in different areas.
Sends molecules produced to other organelles via vesicles.
Endoplasmic reticulum. (Smooth and Rough).
200
Term for a group of cells that bond together to perform a similar function.
Tissue
200
An element / atom that has the standard number of protons, but more neutrons so it also has a higher atomic mass.
Isotope.
200
Affects a biological molecule’s function in a characteristic way.
May include 
Functional group.
200
Type of microscopy that:
Has a stage and course focus.
Uses two sets of lenses to magnify the image.
Illuminates the image from below.
Can magnify using an occular lens and objective lenses of various magnifications (e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x)
Compound light microscopy.
200
Have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Site of photosynthesis.
Contain chlorophyll.
Occur in plant cells and not animal cells.
Chloroplasts.
200
Used for:
Motility of the cell / propulsion of cell
To clear the area around cells
Fine hair-like structures that "row" in unison to move cells like Paramecium
Cilia
300
Bacteria
Archeae
Eukarya
Domains of Life
300
The need for an element to have the maximum number of electrons in its valence shell (often 8).
Rule of Octet.
300
Called this because of their large size.
Made of multiple monomers bonded together.
Include fatty acids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
Polymers.
300
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids
DNA is found in nucleoid
Have polysaccharide capsule (protection, attachment)
MAY have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.
Prokaryotic cells
300
Membrane around cells that:
contains a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins (integral or peripheral)
separates inside of the cell from the environment outside the cell
maintains structure and fluidity of the cell while regulating what enters and leaves the cell
Plasma membrane / Phospolipid bilayer / Fluid mosaic model
300
Cell structures responsible for protein synthesis
Found in practically every cell.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own
May be free or attached to the ER
Ribosomes
400
An educated guess that attempts to answer a scientific question.
Hypothesis
400
The type of bond in which electrons are shared to attain the rule of octet.
A strong bond and may be polar or non-polar.
Covalent bond.
400
The type of reaction used to break macromolecules into individual building blocks.
Requires the addition of water to occur.
Hydrolysis
400
1.A plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment
2.Cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell
3.DNA, the genetic material of the cell
4.Ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins
Common features of all cells.
400
Occur in both plant and animal cells.
Have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Considered the powerhouse of the cell
Have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Mitochondria
400
Substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
NO energy being used
Passive diffusion
500
Order, Reproduction, Adaptation, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli
Some properties of life.
500
Contribute to cohesion and adhesion.
Create surface tension.
Often occur between polar covalent molecules.
Transient and fairly weak bonds.
Hydrogen bonds
500
Include thousands of variations with different functions including enzymes, transport channels, and receptors.
Formed by peptide bonds.
Made of just 20 building blocks arranged in different, specific orders called primary structures.
Proteins.
500
Are membrane-bound structures found in eukaryotic cells.
Perform various functions within the cell.
Include mitochondria, centrosomes, and peroxisomes.
Organelles
500
Most obvious organelle in most animal and plant cells
Contains DNA in chromosomes
Directs protein synthesis by making RNA (mRNA)
Nucleus
500
Solution such as tap water.
The extracellular fluid (outside the cell) has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell.
Cell will tend to swell.
Hypotonic solution