Plate tectonics
Area where volcanic and earthquake activity is common
Pacific ring of fire
Name one benefit of volcanic activity and an example of this benefit
Geothermal energy-Iceland
Fertile soils-Naples
Area in America where earthquake activity is common
San Andreas fault
Name the 3 categories of rock
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
What is the name of the island that formed of Iceland's coast in 1963
Surtsey
When the Earth only had one continent, what was the name of this continent
Pangaea
Iceland formed as a result of what type of volcanic activity
Hotspots
What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre
Focus is where the earthquake begins underneath the surface
Epicentre is the point on the surface above the focus
Where is granite and basalt found in Ireland
granite-Leinster Batholith
basalt-Giant's causeway
What is a geyser
eject hot water and steam at frequent intervals- Old Faithful, yellowstone
Name the 3 different plate boundaries
Convergent/destructive
Divergent/ constructive
Transform/ passive
What are the three stages of the lifecycle of a volcano
Active, Dormant, Extinct
Who studies earthquakes and what is the instrument used to measure earthquakes
Seismologist, seismograph
State the differences between plutonic and volcanic using examples
Plutonic igneous rock
Volcanic igneous rock
Plutonic-Intrusive-Granite
Volcanic-Extrusive-Basalt
Name one gas released by volcanoes during eruptions
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen halides
Name one theory of plate tectonics and its theorist
Alfred Wegener 1912- continetal drift
Harry Hess 1960- seafloor spreading
Name the 3 types of volcanoes
Shield volcano
Composite volcano
Calderas
Name 2 scales used to measure earthquake strength
Richter, mercalli, moment magnitude
Explain what is meant by lithification
Lithification is the process that transforms loose, unconsolidated sediments like sand, clay, and pebbles into solid, durable sedimentary rock. It happens through a combination of compaction, where the weight of overlying layers squeezes out air and water, and cementation, where dissolved minerals in water crystallize and act as a glue between sediment grains
In fold mountains what is the difference between anticlines and synclines
Anticline is an upward-arching fold
Syncline is a downward-arching fold
What is the name of the sea which divided the two parts of Ireland 400 million years ago
Lapetus sea
3 methods of predicting eruptions
Historic patterns, cone temperature, gas measurements, change in ground level, changes to groundwater, seismic activity
Name 2 ways to predict earthquakes and 2 ways to limit damage
Patterns, changes to earths crust, gas emmissions, animal behaviour
Building measures, earthquake drills, warning systems
what is the difference between thermal and regional metamorphism
Thermal-Just heat over small area
Regional- heat and pressure over large area
What is a caldera
a large volcanic crater, especially one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano