Neuroscience Methods
Which neuroimaging technique is used to analyze white matter tracts in the brain?
A. fMRI
B. DTI
C. PET
D. EEG
B. DTI
In the prisoner's dilemma, highest activity in the reward regions of the brain was related to:
A. Mutual cooperation
B. Unreciprocated cooperation
C. Unreciprocated defection
D. Mutual defection
A. Mutual cooperation
What is a key feature of empathy?
A. Simulating another person’s motor actions
B. Matching another person’s emotional reaction
C. Understanding and sharing another’s emotional state
D. Predicting the physical actions of others
C. Understanding and sharing another’s emotional state
What is a disadvantage of single-cell recordings?
A. Low temporal resolution
B. Low spatial resolution
C. It is highly invasive
D. Poor ability to record electrical activity
C. It is highly invasive
Damage to the amygdala results in a total inability to feel fear
A. True
B. False
B. False
Which method uses non-invasive brain stimulation to temporarily disrupt brain function and create "virtual lesions"?
A. Lobotomy
B. TMS
C. PET
D. Single-cell recording
B. TMS
Animals show the following forms of altruism:
a)Reciprocal altruism
b) Indirect reciprocity
c) kin selection
A. a) only
B. a) and b) only
C. a) and c) only
D. a), b), and c)
C. a) and c) only
Under what situations do we switch off empathetic activation?
A. When we take the perspective of others
B. When someone is deemed bad
C. When someone is in our ingroup
D. All of the above
B. When someone is deemed bad
Which neuroimaging technique provides excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution?
A. fMRI
B. PET
C. EEG
D. DTI
C. EEG
In Moll et al., the decision to not donate to charity was related to activation in:
A. Lateral OFC
B. Medial OFC
C. Dorsal ACC
D. Ventral ACC
A. Lateral OFC
What is a key advantage of lesion studies in neuroscience?
A. They allow researchers to explore causal relationships between brain regions and behavior
B. They are non-invasive
C. They have high temporal resolution
D. They involve no ethical concerns
A. They allow researchers to explore causal relationships between brain regions and behavior
According to Ekman, basic emotions ...
A. Share the same neural processing mechanisms
B. Can only occur consciously
C. Vary across different cultures
D. Have an evolutionary value
D. Have an evolutionary value
Which of the following best describes the functional role of emotions according to neuroscience research?
A. Emotions are subjective experiences unrelated to survival
B. Emotions have no impact on cognitive processes
C. Emotions are linked to survival and enhance memory and attention
D. Emotions only affect motor responses
C. Emotions are linked to survival and enhance memory and attention
What hormone is primarily associated with the body's stress response?
A. Oxytocin
B. Cortisol
C. Testosterone
D. Dopamine
B. Cortisol
From ventral to dorsal, the brainstem consists of the _______, _______, and _______.
A. Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
B. Pons, Medulla, Midbrain
C. Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
D. Midbrain, Medulla, Pons
C. Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Which method is used to measure the electrical activity of a single neuron?
A. EEG
B. fMRI
C. Single-cell recording
D. PET
C. Single-cell recording
The insula is activated during:
a) pain
b) disgust
c) moral disgust
A. a) only
B. b) only
C. a) and b) only
D. a), b), and c)
D. a), b), and c)
What is "mentalizing" or theory of mind?
A. The process of imagining one’s own emotional state
B. The ability to simulate others’ behaviors in our minds
C. The process of inferring others’ mental states such as beliefs, feelings, and intentions
D. The ability to read body language
C. The process of inferring others’ mental states such as beliefs, feelings, and intentions
Which method has high spatial resolution?
A. Hormone studies
B. Facial Electromyography (EMG)
C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
D. All of the above
C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What role does the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) play in theory of mind tasks?
A. It is involved in emotional responses during empathy
B. It manages motor simulations during observation
C. It helps distinguish self from other and is active in reasoning about others’ beliefs
D. It helps distinguish self from other and is active in reasoning about our own beliefs
C. It helps distinguish self from other and is active in reasoning about others’ beliefs
What is the main limitation of fMRI compared to EEG?
A. fMRI has lower temporal resolution
B. fMRI cannot be used in humans
C. fMRI requires invasive procedures
D. fMRI cannot be used for epilepsy patients
A. fMRI has lower temporal resolution
Which model arranges emotions along axes of arousal and pleasantness?
A. Ekman’s basic emotions theory
B. Cannon-Bard theory
C. Ortony’s appraisal theory
D. Russell and Barrett’s core affect model
D. Russell and Barrett’s core affect model
Which theory suggests that bodily responses occur after the emotion?
A. James-Lange theory
B. Cannon-Bard theory
C. Schacter-Singer theory
D. Ekman’s basic emotions theory
B. Cannon-Bard theory
What type of response is measured by Skin Conductance Response (SCR)?
A. Muscle movement
B. Changes in sweating and skin conductivity
C. Neural activity in the hippocampus
D. Response times to seeing someone being shocked
B. Changes in sweating and skin conductivity
If you want a piece of chocolate, your a) activates when you think of chocolate. But when thinking about whether it is worth going down at 3 am to get chocolate, your b) would activate.
A. a) is orbitofrontal cortex, b) is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
B. a) is orbitofrontal cortex, b) is ventral anterior cingulate cortex
C. a) is medial prefrontal cortex, b) is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
D. a) is medial prefrontal cortex, b) is ventral anterior cingulate cortex
A. a) is orbitofrontal cortex, b) is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex