Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders (Chapter 30)
The inflammation of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses, usually after an upper respiratory viral infection → mucosal edema → obstruction of sinus drainage → mucus accumulation → potential bacterial infection.
These cause symptoms such as facial pain/pressure, nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, decreased smell, fever, headache, tooth pain.
What is Rhinosinusitis?
Depends on coronary artery blood flow, oxygen content of the blood (Hgb & SaO₂), and perfusion pressure (diastolic BP).
Determined by heart rate, contractility, wall tension, and afterload.
Hint: When _____ exceeds _____ → myocardial ischemia.
What is Oxygen Supply and Demand?
Define hemostasis and identify the stages involved.
What is;
Vascular Spasm (Vasoconstriction) – vessel constricts to reduce blood flow.
Platelet Plug Formation (Primary Hemostasis) – platelets adhere, activate, and aggregate at the injury site.
Coagulation Cascade (Secondary Hemostasis) – formation of fibrin mesh stabilizes the plug.
Clot Retraction – fibrin mesh contracts, pulling edges together.
5. Clot Dissolution (Fibrinolysis) – plasmin breaks down fibrin and dissolves clot.
Hormone made by the kidneys in response to low O₂ levels (hypoxia).
What is Erythropoietin?
Clinical Manifestations:
Frequent infections, especially respiratory or oral.
Fever (may be the only sign of infection).
Mouth ulcers, sore throat, malaise.
What is Neutropenia?
1) Causes low-grade fever, productive cough with purulent sputum, crackles, dyspnea.
2) A type of pneumonia also known as “walking pneumonia”.
1) What is the causes of Bronchopneumonia?
2) What is another term for Mycoplasma pneumonia?
1) Reduced blood flow → insufficient oxygen to meet cardiac demand. Is reversible if blood flow is restored.
2) Complete obstruction of coronary blood flow → cell death and necrosis. Leads to irreversible myocardial damage.
1) What is Ischemia?
2) What is Infarction (MI)?
1) Factors: X → V → II (prothrombin) → I (fibrinogen) → fibrin clot
2) Triggered by damage to endothelium or blood exposure to collagen. Key Factors: XII → XI → IX → VIII → X.
1) What is the common pathway?
2) What is a Intrinsic Pathway?
1) Heme → biliverdin → unconjugated (indirect) ______ → carried to liver by albumin.
2) List all the blood types and what they can receive/donate.
1) What is the transport of Bilirubin?
2) What is O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB-? (positives can receive from the +/- of their same type and give to all other positives | negatives can only receive from other negatives, and can give to +/- of their same types, and O- can only receive from O-/ AB+ can only give to AB+)
1) Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) — transmitted via saliva. Virus infects B lymphocytes → activates cytotoxic T cells → enlarged lymphoid tissue (spleen, liver, lymph nodes). It causes fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes.
2) Immature “blast” cells that have a rapid progression and affects children/young adults.
1) What is Infectious Mononucleosis ?
2) What is Acute Leukemia?
1) Causes a persistent cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, low-grade fever, fatigue.
2) In 85% of cases. Includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma. Has a slower growth. Manifestations include cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea, hoarseness. Causes are smoking, asbestos, radon.
3) The brain, bone, liver, adrenal glands.
1) What is the causes of Reactivated tuberculosis?
2) What is Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)?
3) What are Common metastasis sites?
1) Ruptured plaque + partial thrombus → transient ischemia without infarction. Temporary ST depression or T-wave inversion during pain.
2) Occurs when coronary blood flow or oxygen supply cannot meet myocardial oxygen demand → anaerobic metabolism → lactic acid → chest pain.
3) Fixed atherosclerotic plaque limits blood flow during excretion. Predictable chest pain with exertion, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (vasodilation increases supply).
1) What is Unstable Angina?
2) What is Myocardial Ischemia?
3) What is Stable Angina?
1) The autoimmune destruction of platelets by anti-platelet antibodies in the spleen in contrast to immune-mediated reaction to heparin leading to formation of heparin–PF4 antibodies and leading to platelet activation → clotting + thrombocytopenia.
2) Decrease in platelet production leads to bone marrow suppression and leukemia. Increase in platelet destruction leads to autoimmune, DIC, and drug-induced. Clinical manifestations for this disorder are petechiae, purpura, mucosal bleeding, heavy menses.
3) Clinical manifestations for this disorder is DVT, pulmonary embolism, stroke.
1) What is ITP and HIT?
2) What is thrombocytopenia?
3) What is Hypercoagulability (Thrombosis)
1) Rh⁻ mother with Rh⁺ fetus → fetal RBCs entering maternal circulation, mother forms anti-D antibodies that cross placenta, and destroy fetal RBC. Clinical Manifestations are Anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and hydrops fetalis.
2) Bone marrow disorder → ↑ RBCs, WBCs, platelets independent of EPO (Manifestations: Headache, ruddy skin, hypertension, thrombosis, itching after hot shower). ↑ EPO due to hypoxia can cause COPD, high altitude, and tumors (Manifestations: Cyanosis, fatigue).
3) Clinical Manifestations;
Fatigue, weakness, pallor
Dyspnea on exertion
Tachycardia
Cold intolerance
Glossitis (tongue inflammation)
Brittle nails (spoon-shaped in iron deficiency)
Neuropathy (B₁₂ deficiency only)
1) What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
2) What is Primary (Polycythemia Vera) and Secondary Polycythemia?
3) What is Anemia?
1) Myeloid cell proliferation, mostly found in middle-aged adults. Can lead to weight loss, fatigue, and progresses to “blast crisis.
2) Malignant transformation of lymphoid progenitor cells. Causes bone pain, bruising, fatigue, fever, Chemotherapy → remission possible (good prognosis in children).
3) Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow. Causes osteolytic lesions and hypercalcemia. Clinical Manifestations (“CRAB”) Calcium ↑, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions/pain.
1) What is Chronic Myelogenous?
2) What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?
3) What is Multiple Myeloma?
1) Manifestations are barking cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness.
2) Age group is Infants
3) Cause agent is RSV
4) Onset is sudden and an emergency
1) What is Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)?
2) What is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) age group?
3) What is Bronchiolitis cause age?
4) What is Epiglottitis onset and severity?
1) ↑ Troponin, CK-MB and chest pain not relieved by rest. ST depression, T-wave inversion.
2) Sharp chest pain relieved by leaning forward, friction rub, diffuse ST elevation.
3) Fibrous scarring → restricted diastolic filling. Clinical Manifestations are, right sided HF signs: JVD, ascites, edema.
4) Severe chest pain, diaphoresis, nausea, emergency reperfusion. ST elevation, Q waves may form.
1) What is a Non-STEMI?
2) What is Acute Pericarditis?
3) What is Constrictive Pericarditis?
4) What is a STEMI?
1) Widespread clotting leads to microthrombi block small vessels which leads to tissue ischemia. Clotting factors and platelets consumed → bleeding. Clinical manifestations are bleeding from IV sites, mucosa, and GI tract; petechiae, cyanosis, hypotension, organ failure.
2) Assesses fibrin degradation products.
3) Assesses intrinsic pathway.
4) Assesses platelet function.
1) What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
2) What is D-Dimer?
3) What is aPTT?
4) What is Bleeding Time?
Tests
1) ↑ Reticulocytes
2) ↓ Hb/Hct
3) ↑ LDH, ↑ indirect bilirubin
4) ↓ Serum ferritin & iron, ↑ TIBC
Hint: What do they indicate.
1) What is Bone marrow compensation (hemolysis, blood loss)?
2) What is General Anemia?
3) What is Hemolysis?
4) What is iron-deficiency anemia?
1) B-cell origin with Reed–Sternberg cells (giant malignant B cells)
2) Random, noncontiguous
1) What is cell type Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)?
2) What is spread pattern Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
1) Viral infection causes inflammation of larynx and trachea → narrowed airway → inspiratory stridor.
2) Viral infection of epithelial cells → sloughing and plugging of small airways → decreased gas exchange.
3) Bacterial infection (Hib) → inflammation and swelling of epiglottis → airway obstruction risk.
4) RSV infects lower airways → necrosis of bronchial epithelium → mucus obstruction → air trapping.
5) Clinical manifestations are high fever, nonproductive cough, diarrhea, confusion, hyponatremia.
1) What is Croup?
2) What is RSV?
3) What is Epiglottitis?
4) What is Brochiolitis?
5) What are Legionella pneumonia clinical manifestations?
1) The loss of vascular tone leads to a decrease in SVR, which causes warm, flushed skin, hypotension, and tachycardia.
2) This mechanism increases preload which leads to an increase in stroke volume (until over distention).
3) Causes hypertension, MI, aortic/mitral disease. Clinical Manifestations are dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, cough, pink frothy sputum, fatigue, ↓ CO. In contrast this cause is secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Clinical Manifestations are JVD, hepatomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema, weight gain.
4) (EF < 40%) Fatigue, weakness, and pulmonary congestion in contrast to EF (≥ 50%) dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, and normal EF.
5) Fluid accumulation in pericardial space that causes distant heart sounds and potential tamponade. In contrast to and infection of endocardium/valves that causes fever, murmur, petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, and Osler nodes.
Hint: What is ______ _______ and _________ ?
1) What is Distributive (Vasodilatory) shock?
2) What is Frank-Starling Mechanism?
3) What is Left-Sided HF and Right-Sided HF?
4) What is HFrEF and HFpEF?
5) What is Pericardial Effusion and Endocarditis?
Cause / Pathophysiology
X-linked deficiency of Factor VIII.
X-linked deficiency of Factor IX.
Deficiency or dysfunction of vWF → impaired platelet adhesion and Factor VIII stabilization.
↓ synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, X (vitamin K–dependent).
Impaired synthesis of most clotting factors.
Manifestations
Hemarthrosis, muscle bleeds, prolonged aPTT.
Similar to A, prolonged aPTT.
Mucocutaneous bleeding, nosebleeds, menorrhagia, prolonged bleeding time, ↑ aPTT.
Prolonged PT/INR, bleeding tendency.
Multiple factor deficiencies, ↑ PT and aPTT, bruising.
Word Bank
Liver Disease
Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)
Hemophilia A
Von Willebrand Disease
Vitamin K Deficiency
1) What is Hemophilia A?
2) What is Hemophilia B?
3) What is Von Willebrand disease?
4) What is Vitamin K Deficiency?
5) What is Liver Disease?
Choose between Types of Anemia or Morphologic Classification of Anemia....
Word Bank for: Morphologic Classification of Anemia
Macrocytic Normochromic
Microcytic Hypochromic
Normocytic Normochromic
Word Bank for: Types of Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Thalassemia
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Megaloblastic (B₁₂/Folate Deficiency)
FREE POINTS IM LAZY
YAY