Anatomy & Function
What are the three major components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, joints, muscles
What is the correct order to examine the musculoskeletal system (direction wise)?
Head to toe, proximal to distal, and midline outward
What is moving a limb toward the midline of the body called?
Adduction
What are the hard, non-tender bony overgrowths on the distal interphalangeal joints, associated with osteoarthritis?
Heberden’s nodes
What posture change (enhanced lumbar curve) occurs during pregnancy due to the enlarging fetus?
Lordosis
What is the term for freely movable joints, where bones are separated and enclosed in a cavity filled with fluid?
Synovial joints
How do you test passive range of motion (ROM)?
Anchor the joint with one hand, and with the other hand move the joint slowly to its limit.
What is bending a limb at a joint called?
Flexion
What is the term for the lateral curving of the spine that disappears with forward bending?
Functional scoliosis
What finding in a newborn (asymmetry of gluteal folds) may suggest a hip dislocation?
Unequal gluteal folds
Which fibrous bands run directly from one bone to another to strengthen a joint and prevent movement in undesirable directions?
Ligaments
What test is used to detect large amounts of fluid around the patella?
Ballottement of the patella
What movement is straightening a limb at a joint?
Extension
Which deformity involves fingers drifting to the ulnar side due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis?
Ulnar deviation
Extra toes on a newborn is termed what?
Polydactyly
What is the function of the bone marrow (in the musculoskeletal system)?
Hematopoiesis (production of red blood cells)
What sign indicates hip instability in an infant by “clunking” the femoral head back into place?
Positive Ortolani sign
What is the term for moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What is the term for the hard, painless nodules of monosodium urate crystals seen around the joint in chronic gout?
Tophi
Painful swelling just below the knee in an adolescent boy playing sports; what diagnosis is most likely?
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Name the shock-absorbing fibrocartilaginous plates between vertebrae.
Intervertebral disks
When measuring true leg length, from which two fixed points is the measurement taken?
Anterior iliac spine to medial malleolus, crossing the medial side of the knee.
What is the term for when a muscle shortens and causes limited range of motion of a joint?
Contracture
What is the shortening or fixation of a joint called (i.e., a joint becomes immobile or rigid)?
Ankylosis
What is the term for when the legs appear unequal in length but the true leg length is equal (you measure from the umbilicus to each medial malleolus)?
Apparent leg length discrepancy