Immune Basics
What are the two main divisions of the immune system?
Innate (nonspecific) and Adaptive (Specific)
What term describes the total number of individuals in a population per unit area?
Population density
What is carrying capacity? (K)
maximum number of individuals the environment can support
What is the main pigment in photosynthesis, and why are plants green?
Chlorophyll; it absorbs red/blue light and reflects green
What are examples of physical barriers that act as the first line of defense?
What type of growth occurs when a population starts slowly, then speeds up before leveling off?
Logistic growth
A population is one species in an area; a community includes all species living together in that area
Where do the light reactions occur?
In the thylakoid membranes?
What are the two types of adaptive immunity, and what cells do they involve?
Humoral immunity (B cells and antibodies) and Cell-mediatede immunity (cytotoxic T cells)
What are the three main population distributions?
Clumped, uniform, and random
What happens to the population size when birth rate equals death rate?
b = d
The population remains stable (zero growth)
What is chemiosmosis in photosynthesis?
H+ ions move through ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP
Why is the second infection by the same pathogen faster and stronger than the first?
Memory B and T cells recognize the pathogen and trigger a quicker immune response
If a population of 100 rabbits has 20 births and 5 deaths in a year, what is the annual growth rate?
r= (20-5)/100 = 0.15. So 15%!
or
r= 0.2-0.05 = 0.15. So 15%!
What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors? Give examples!
Density-dependent factors: disease, food shortage, competition. As the population size increases, so do these factors.
Density-independent factors: Natural disasters, climate. It affects all populations equally.
Where does oxygen come from during photosynthesis?
It comes from the splitting of water (H2O) during the light reactions
What is clonal selection (or deletion), and why is it important?
It's the process where immune cells specific to a pathogen are selected to multiply, while self-reactive cells are destroyed-- preventing autoimmunity.
How does a population's per capita growth rate change as it approaches carrying capacity?
It decreases because resources become limited, slowing reproduction and increasing competition
What environmental conditions can change carrying capacity?
Availability of resources, climate, and human impact
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to make one glucose molecule, and what are its three phases (stages)?
Six turns; phases are carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP