Stages of Mitosis
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by chromosomes condensing and the nuclear membrane beginning to break down?
What is prophase
Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because it produces energy?
What is the mitochondria?
What is the main organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood throughout the body?
What is the heart?
Which organ is the primary site of gas exchange in the human respiratory system?
What are the lungs?
Which organ stores and mechanically churns food while beginning digestion with acids and enzymes?
What is the stomach?
During which stage do sister chromatids line up at the cell's equator?
What is metaphase?
What structure in plant cells contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis?
What is chloroplasts?
Name the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
What is the arteries?
What tube carries air to the lungs and branches into bronchi?
What is the trachea?
What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?
Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption (most digestion completed here; enzymes break down macromolecules; nutrients absorbed into bloodstream)
Which stage involves sister chromatids separating and moving toward opposite poles?
What is anaphase?
Which cell structure controls what enters and leaves the cell and is found in both plant and animal cells?
What is the cell membrane?
What component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen to body cells?
What is a red blood cell?
Explain the role of the diaphragm in breathing.
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward to increase thoracic volume causing inhalation; relaxes to decrease volume causing exhalation.
Which accessory organ produces bile to help digest fats?
Name the stage when two new nuclear membranes form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Which organelle modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids (often described as a cellular "post office")?
What is the golgi apparatus?
Explain the pathway of blood through the heart starting from the vena cava and ending at the aorta (name major chambers and valves in order).
Pathway: Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral (bicuspid) valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta.
Describe how oxygen moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream (include the process name).
Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and capillary walls into blood by diffusion
Describe the process of nutrient absorption in the small intestine, including the structures that increase surface area.
Nutrients are absorbed across the intestinal lining into blood; villi and microvilli increase surface area to maximize absorption.
Describe one key difference between mitosis in animal cells and plant cells related to cytokinesis.
In animal cells cytokinesis occurs by pinching; in plant cells a cell plate forms because of the rigid cell wall.
Identify two differences between plant and animal cells and explain how each difference supports the cell's function.
Cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts, etc
Describe how the structure of capillaries supports their function in gas and nutrient exchange.
Capillaries are one cell layer thick and have very thin walls and a large surface area allowing diffusion of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
Describe the path oxygen takes from the air to a body cell.
nose -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli -> capillaries -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> body cell
Explain how the digestive system and circulatory system work together to deliver nutrients to body cells.
The digestive system breaks food into nutrients; nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported by the circulatory system to body cells for energy, growth, and repair.